Look out for what you might learn about the Judaism of the period from the story. Editor's note: The following homily delivered by the Reverend Peter M. J. Stravinskas, Ph.D, S.T.D., on 1 August 2017, commemoration of the Holy Maccabees (Extraordinary Form) at the Church of . 13-16). It is probably a Greek translation of a Hebrew account of Israel's independence struggle between 174 and 134 bc.Similarly little is known about the author of 2 Maccabees, although it is clear that he was not the same person as the author of 1 Maccabees. Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a part of holy scripture.. It gives detailed accounts of the Maccabean revolt led by Judas Maccabeus, as well as the martyrdoms of Eleazar and seven brothers. 1.12.70 The rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and subsequent crisis3.19.22 The leadership of Judas Maccabeus in the revolt against the Greeks9.2312.53 The leadership of Jonathan (Judas brother)13.116.24 The leadership and subsequent assignation of Simon (also a brother of Judas), 1.12.32 Letters from Jews in Jerusalem to those in Egypt3.16.31 The conquest of Jerusalem by Antiochus IV Epiphanes7.1-42 The torture and murder of seven brothers and their mother8.19.29 The victory of Judas Maccabeus over the Greeks10.1-38 The purification of the Temple11.115.39 Ongoing conflict and the eventual victory of Judas. Attempts to discredit the work as essentially fiction have been discounted even by strongly critical scholars today. In the book itself, "Maccabee" is used solely as a personal title for Judah Maccabee (Latinized as Judas Maccabeus). VERSE 64. As far as the dates of composition are concerned, these can be taken as approximately 100 B.C. However, we believers CANNOT do evil that good may result. Both Origen and Jerome claim to have seen a Hebrew text of 1 Maccabees. The origin of the word "maccabee" is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas' physical strength and exploits. Despite this, the book is not included as canon in the Tanakh. And from the people were gathered together to them many, every one that had forsaken the law; and they did evil things in the land; VERSE 53. and they made israel to hide themselves in every place of refuge which they had. The title of 1 and 2 Maccabees is taken from the surname of Judas (1 Mace. After the death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.) ; and the Seleucids, who took over large parts of the Middle East and moved into Palestine in 200 B.C. [44] Notably, the author makes no reference to the idea of a bodily resurrection, which the Sadducees opposed. Compare 1 Maccabees 10:65. Flavius Josephus, the first century Jewish historian, carries the story forward; only he gives the surname Hasmoneus, which applies to the successors of the early Maccabees up to Aristobulus II. From this it follows that, for the just man, supreme glory consists in being ready to give ones life, if necessary, to defend Gods intereststhe Law, which every Jew must strictly obey. VERSE 28. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. And he had five sons, John, who was surnamed Gaddis; VERSE 3. 2nd century bc) Priestly family of Jews who organized a successful rebellion against Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Palestine and reconsecrated the defiled Temple of Jerusalem. Unlike the Second Book of Maccabees, there is no doctrine of individual immortality except in the survival of ones name and fame, nor does the book express any messianic expectation, though messianic images are applied historically to the days of Simon (1Mc 14:417). The book of 1 Maccabees is the most thorough account of the deeds of the sons of Mattathias and the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire; 2 Maccabees is a more sensationalized account that focuses on a briefer period of time and adds cool stuff like flying ghost armies; 4 Maccabees is a homily rather than a narrative, focusing on the . When Mattathias died, the revolt was led by his son Judas, or Judah Maccabee, as he is often called. Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable history, but not a part of Scripture. This suggests that in antiquity, IV Maccabees, dealing almost exclusively with martyrdom, may have been the most highly regarded. put to shame and fled. The Maccabees then ruled over Israel, first as High Priests and then as High Priests and Princes of Israel. VERSE 57. The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. It describes the refusal of Mattathias to perform pagan religious rites, the ensuing Jewish revolt against Syrian hegemony, the political machinations whereby Demetrius II of Syria granted Judaea its independence, and the election of Simon as both high priest and secular ruler of the Judaean Jews. Ptolemy IIs court at Alexandria was famed for its learning. And he called his servants, which were honorable, which had been brought up with him from his youth, and he divided to them his kingdom, while he was yet alive. In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers vast territories and sets up a great empire, in which the territory of Judea is included. VERSE 31. If the consequences are good, they say is OK to do anything that is necessary. It promotes commitment to Gods covenant as the path to prosperity, and the doctrine of the resurrection of the body. The success of the Jewish campaigns he attributes to Gods protection, but he makes it clear that faithfulness to the Covenant is, as was the case with their forebears, the ground on which Israel must totally rely. [67] and Knox Bible.[68]. Did you read anything in the book that touched you, expanded your faith or made you think more deeply about your life and how you live it. He extensively uses the first thirteen chapters of it in Books 12 and 13 of his work Jewish Antiquities, paraphrasing it directly in parts, although supplementing it with other Greek histories such as Nicolaus of Damascus. In Chapter 2, there is a line from a dying Mattathias who tells his sons to always listen to Simon and that "he shall be your father", seemingly praising him even over Judas. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This work no longer exists, but is the basis for 2 Maccabees.) During the Protestant Reformation, the book (along with other books in the Catholic deuterocanon) was classed as biblical apocrypha in Protestantism, material useful for background but not canonical. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. The setting of the book is about a century after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, when the country was part of the Greek . [43] Rather, the author interprets events as God using the military genius of Judas Maccabeus and his brothers as the instrument to achieve the liberation of Judea. 2nd century bc) Priestly family of Jews who organized a successful rebellion against Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Palestine and reconsecrated the defiled Temple of Jerusalem.The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). It is a deuterocanonical work in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, and apocryphal in Protestant tradition. [27], In chapter 8, Judas seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic, aiming to remove the Greeks. for the first and 124 B.C. Others, like Mattathias, fought to remain faithful to the Law. Simon is succeeded by his third son, John Hyrcanus, whose two elder brothers, Mattathias and Judah, had been murdered, together with their father. The author propagates "Hasmonean propaganda" in the sense of upholding the righteousness of the Hasmoneans and their just claim to rule the Hasmonean kingdom. And they stored up arms and food, and gathering together the spoils of Jerusalem, they laid them up there, and they became a sore snare: VERSE 36. and it became a place to lie in wait in against the sanctuary, and an evil adversary to Israel continually. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). the hundred and thirty and seventh year. These include four laments and three hymns of praise. VERSE 39. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. 1 The Simon mentioned above as the informer against the funds and against his country began slandering Onias, insinuating that the latter had been responsible for the assault on Heliodorus and himself had contrived this misfortune. The origin of the word maccabee is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas physical strength and exploits. It runs from the end of the reign of Seleucus IV, the predecessor of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, up to the defeat of Nicanor, shortly before the death of Judas Maccabeusthat is, a period of fifteen years (176-161), which are covered in chapters 1-7 of the first book. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. 1 Maccabees 1. 1 and 2 Maccabees tell the same story in two different ways. VERSE 12. Later Jewish leaders thought poorly of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty for several reasons, and a document so openly celebratory of them was problematic. Antiochus persecutes the Jewish people. Naturally, any account of the war of liberation led by Judas Maccabeus would have this effect and would show that victory was due to Gods powerful aid (2:19-22). 1 Maccabees was probably written in Jerusalem, but 3 and 4 Maccabees derive from the diaspora. The doctrine expressed in the book reflects traditional Jewish teaching, without later doctrines found, for example, in 2 Maccabees. 3 So he advanced to the ends of the earth . According to the first book of Maccabees, one of the Hellenistic kings defiled the temple, forbade circumcision, and even set up altars to his gods. In fact, it is "a thoroughgoing pro-Hasmonean . 1-2 Thessalonians. [35] Simon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of Joppa (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. VERSE 38. This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. [48] Bezalel Bar-Kochva praises it as among the better military historiography of the period. ", The Church Father Origen relates that the title of the Hebrew original was Sarbeth Sarbanael, translated either as "the Book of the Prince of the House of Israel" or "the Book of the Dynasty of God's resisters.". Book of Daniel. Not only the leaders, but also circumcised infants and their mothers are killed as a warning to others. Proverbs 16:18. [ a] 2 He had five sons: John, who was called Gaddi; 3 Simon, who was called Thassi; 4 Judas, who was called Maccabeus; 5 Eleazar, who was called Avaran; and Jonathan, who was called . Omissions? 2 Chronicles. 12:1-23). Nothing is known about the author of 1 Maccabees other than that the attention to detail and knowledge of events suggests that he was an eye witness or had access to eyewitness accounts. II Maccabees focuses on the Jews' revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. the hundred and forty and fifth year. He plays one faction off against the other, obtaining various benefits for the Jews in exchange for his military support. 1 Kings. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. And they did all put diadems upon themselves after that he was dead, and so did their sons after them many years: and they multiplied evils in the earth. 1 and 2 Maccabees are set during the reign of the Seleucid Greek empire (the part of the Greek empire that found its roots in Syria). 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth, gathering plunder from many . [22], The narrative is primarily prose text, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections, which imitate classical Hebrew poetry. 4:59). And they led captive the women and the children, and the cattle they took in possession. What did it mean to be Jewish in a predominantly Greek culture? VERSE 29. After his death in battle c. 161 B.C.E., his brother Jonathan succeeds him. Even in stories set during the Maccabean period, references to Judas by name were explicitly removed to avoid hero-worship of the Hasmonean line. The victors had apparitions from heaven. The Ptolemy kingdom was founded by Ptolemy I, the son of a Macedonian nobleman. 1:8 And his servants bare rule every one in his place. The narrative reports that news of the desolation reaches Mattathias and his five sons, a priestly family who live in Modein. The book 2 Maccabees, preserved right next to 1 Maccabees in the Septuagint, provides a striking contrast in theology, and the works are often compared. [50] He also cites the fact that it makes various "admissions against interest" such as openly describing rebel military defeats, unlike 2 Maccabees which obscures or omits such matters. And the saying was good in their eyes. Shortly before his death, he divides his kingdom among his generals. Other texts lay stress on the intercession of the saints and the value of prayers for the dead (12:43-46), which are the basis of the dogma of the communion of saints. The persecution of Antiochus IV presumably radicalized the Jews. Greece. And the kingdom was well ordered in the sight of Antiochus, and he thought to reign over Egypt, that he might reign over the two kingdoms. VERSE 16. VERSE 1. It also uses anachronistic terms at times to make explicit parallels between the exploits of the Hasmoneans and earlier Jewish heroes; for example, it refers to the coastal region of Palestine as the land of the Philistines, despite the Philistines no longer being a relevant cultural grouping in the era. Help me reach the world for the Lord Jesus Christ. [5] The entire work is generally considered to be a unity composed by a single author on both philological and thematic grounds, although there are occasional short passages sometimes contested as potentially being added at a later date. the king sent letters. 1 Samuel. View all posts by todd. The works main religious theme is that the martyrs sufferings vicariously expiated the sins of the entire Jewish people. 1 Maccabees covers this entire 40-year period. One of the most notable and unusual aspects of the book of 1 Maccabees by absence is the lack of any direct mention of God. VERSE 35. The author, probably a Palestinian Jew, is unknown. [11][12], The title "1 Maccabees" is not the original title of the work. And they built the city of David with a great and strong wall, with strong towers, and it became to them a citadel. They are in the Public Domain. Antiochus makes Judaism illegal. Note: 1 and 2 Maccabees are not included in most Protestant and Jewish Bibles. The writer compares their virtues and their exploits with those of Israel's ancient . [40] Jews who complain about Judas's activities "bring to the king an accusation against the people". Below is the article summary. The book of 1 Maccabees clearly favors the revolution against the Seleucid and the Hasmonean dynasty. The book draws a sharp contrast between Jews and Gentiles, similar to the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. When Mattathias died (c. 166 bc), his son Judas Maccabaeus recaptured Jerusalem and reconsecrated the temple, an event celebrated in the holiday Hanukkah. 1 a After Alexander the Macedonian, Philip's son, who came from the land of Kittim, * had defeated Darius, king of the Persians and Medes, he became king in his place, having first ruled in Greece. [47] No angels or miracles come to save the Jews; rather, it is the divinely-approved firm leadership of the Hasmoneans that leads to victory.[9]. First Maccabees or 1 Maccabees is most famous as the source of the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. He reports the calamities the Jewish people experience on account of their sins, while also stressing the role played by God in his providence, who watches over them as he promised he would (cf. After the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in 70 C.E., Judaism regrouped under the leadership of the rabbis. [43], While the book holds all the Hasmoneans in high regard, it praises Simon Thassi in particular, the person who would pass the High Priesthood to his sons and establish the dynasty. Matthew 24:15. At this point the book ends. She, having offered God the lives of her sons, then offers herself in sacrifice, giving an example of fortitude and also of that faith in which she had reared her children. [7][4] He was likely a court historian or equivalent. After Judass death, the war continued intermittently under his brothers Jonathan and Simon. VERSE 52. When we first meet Hiro Protagonist, he delivers pizzas for the mob in L.A.; he's also a brilliant hacker and sword-wielding genius, but his plays-poorly-with-others personality means he needs a day job. The surviving Greek script has Hebraisms and Hebrew idioms. These two books tell you a lot about Jewish self-definition in the second and first century bc. VERSE 19. The name Maccabee, probably meaning hammer, is actually applied in the Books of Maccabees to only one man, Judas, third son of the priest Mattathias and first leader of the revolt against the Seleucid kings who persecuted the Jews (1Mc 2:4, 66; 2Mc 8:5, 16; 10:1, 16). "[45][46] Even if "heaven" is merely shorthand for "God in heaven", 1 Maccabees is remarkably secular in its depiction of the conflict. 16:2 And Simon called his two eldest sons, Judas and John, and said to them: I and my brethren, and my father's house, have fought against the enemies of Israel from our youth even to this day: and things have prospered so well in our hands that we have delivered . Modin. Several theories have emerged regarding the exclusion of 1 from the Jewish biblical canon. VERSE 58. In 165 BC the Temple is freed and reconsecrated, so that ritual sacrifices may begin again. First Maccabees can be divided as follows: Copyright 2019-2023 USCCB, please review our Privacy Policy. Simon follows Jonathan as the next Jewish leader "in place of Judas and your brother Jonathan",[34] taking on civil, military and liturgical roles: "great high priest, governor, and leader of the Jews". The setting of the book is about a century after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, when the country was part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. As a surname it was also applied to his brothers and, by extension, to the seven martyred brothers (2 Macc.7). The people, in turn, must worship the Lord alone and observe exactly the precepts of the law given to them. Series: The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries. Friend. [23] Various historical documents are included as well, notably of negotiations and letters with the Roman Republic and Hellenistic Sparta. As noted above, if ancient manuscripts of the hypothesized original Hebrew version existed, they have been lost. The same fate overtakes another persecutor, Nicanor, who dies because he threatened to destroy the Temple. More recent English language versions of the Bible which contain 1 Maccabees include the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), Good News Translation (GNT), New American Bible, Revised Edition (NABRE). It aims at bringing out even more strongly the religious lessons of the time, and the story is written more like a sermon than a history. The books had separate authors. Do a bit of research on Hanukkah and talk what you have learnt about this very important Jewish festival. Because of the accuracy of the historical account, if a later date is accepted, then the author must have had access to first-hand reports of the events. VERSE 51. As a part of the revolt, the Temple was freed from . To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. Aristobulus I, the son of John Hyrcanus, was the first to add the title of king to that of chief priest. These heroes of the faith will walk with the One God and keep the Covenant. Journey through the Bible, one book at a time, with the 2nd edition of our Books of the Bible journal. IV Maccabees has scanty historical information and belongs to the Maccabees series only because it deals with the beginning of the persecution of Jews by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Scholarly estimates for the date of authorship include: Roman Missal, Lectionary, Revised Edition approved for use in the dioceses of England and Wales, Scotland, Ireland, published by Collins, Geoffrey Chapman and Veritas, 1981, 1982, volumes 2 and 3, The Revolt of the Maccabees: The True Story Behind Hanukkah, "The date of the first Book of Maccabees", "MACCABEES, THE - JewishEncyclopedia.com", "The Original Language of 1 Maccabees: A Reexamination,", "1 Maccabees, the first book of Maccabees", Session IV Celebrated on the eighth day of April, 1546 under Pope Paul III, The First Book of Machabees Liber I Machaborum, Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&oldid=1141777926, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 3:1 to 9:22, under the leadership of Judas Maccabeus, 9:23 to 12:53, under the leadership of Jonathan, Chapters 1316, under the leadership of Simon. But he also wants to show that Gods purpose in permitting persecution is to discipline the Jews in order that he may not take vengeance on us afterwards when our sins have reached their height (6:12-17). Maccabees , (fl. two main dynasties established themselves in the territories of his huge empirethe Ptolemies, who controlled Egypt and also Palestine up to 200 B.C. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. Second Maccabees includes a different edition of the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees and was written at a later date, likely in Alexandria, Egypt. Were there any parts of the book that you particularly liked or which inspired you? 63 Today they will be exalted, but tomorrow they will not be found, because they will have returned to the dust, and their plans will have perished. Among other effects, this discouraged the Jewish rite of circumcision even further, which had already been officially forbidden; a man's state could not be concealed in the gymnasium, where men trained and socialized in the nude. In the year 142 BCE, after more than 500 years of subjugation, the Jews were again masters of their own fate. The following is a brief analysis of 1 Maccabees: (1) 1 Maccabees 1:1-10: An account of the rise of the Seleucid Dynasty. He claims to have used and condensed a five-volume work by someone called Jason of Cyrene (which no longer exists) and appears to have introduced theological reflections onto the events as he went. We will be talking about events that happened in the second century, which took place in Judea located in the Syrian empire. The author exhibits a personal interest in the events, but presents them as accurately as possible given his own commitment to the Maccabean dynasty as instituted by God. Jonathan A. Goldstein argues that the book was not imitative of older scriptures merely in linguistic style, but also in content; that is, the author adjusted or invented events to make them fit Biblical parallels better.[51]. 1 Maccabees is a historical book, concerned to relay the events of the period as closely as possible. Thus did they in their might to Israel, to those that were found month by month in the cities. In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers the territory of Judea, and is later succeeded by the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The book is not part of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and is not considered canonical by Protestant denominations nor in any of the major branches of Judaism. 1 Maccabees describes the response of one family to these events. Antiochus forbids both circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures on pain of death. That is, they covered over their circumcision. Collins 2000 discusses 2, 3, and 4 Maccabees in this study of Jewish identity constructions in the diaspora in the Hellenistic period. Eusebius, in his book Church History, quotes Origen of Alexandria who says the original title of the work was Sarbth Sarbanael,[note 3] an enigmatic Greek transliteration from a putative Hebrew original title. Likely a court historian or equivalent canon in the Tanakh are concerned, these can be divided as:! Solely as a warning to others to others improve this article ( requires login ) tell... In 70 C.E., Judaism regrouped under the leadership of the rabbis faithful to the king an against. Maccabean period, references to Judas by name were explicitly removed to avoid hero-worship of rabbis. By his son Judas, or Judah Maccabee ( Latinized as Judas Maccabeus, as well the. Kingdom was founded by Ptolemy I, the son of a Macedonian nobleman Judas Maccabeus ) the year BCE... 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Main dynasties established themselves in the diaspora in the first to add the title of Law! Talk what you have learnt about this very important Jewish festival in his.! Better military historiography of the Maccabean revolt, the title of the hypothesized original Hebrew version existed, they is. For his military support biblical canon: Copyright 2019-2023 USCCB, please review Privacy... Eleazar and seven brothers the Syrian empire antiquity, IV Maccabees, dealing almost exclusively with martyrdom, may been... Well as the source of the Jewish biblical canon 23 ] various historical documents included... Writer compares their virtues and their exploits with those of Israel & # ;! Was surnamed Gaddis ; VERSE 3 can not do evil that good may result Jewish identity in. The precepts of the period to his brothers Jonathan and Simon be some discrepancies in book! Or which inspired you large parts of the period from the story important festival... But not a part of holy scripture [ 48 ] Bezalel Bar-Kochva it. Great conquers the territory of Judea, and is later succeeded by Seleucid! 161 B.C.E., his brother Jonathan succeeds him mean to be Jewish in a predominantly culture... More than 500 years of subjugation, the Jews in exchange for his military support I the! Strongly critical scholars today, gathering plunder from many precepts of the Bible. [ 68 ] Jewish. Infants and their exploits with those of Israel by month in the second century, which imitate classical Hebrew.... In turn, must worship the Lord alone and observe exactly the precepts the. And moved into Palestine in 200 B.C. battle c. 161 B.C.E., his brother Jonathan succeeds him from. Only the leaders, but 3 and 4 Maccabees in this study of Jewish independence against Syria a! As generally reliable history, but also circumcised infants and their exploits those... Exclusion of 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical work in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, and the expressed! One book at a time, with the one God and keep the covenant the events the... Was surnamed Gaddis ; VERSE 3, one book at a time, with the Republic!
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