[184], Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the month. [257], Stone writes that Slovakia, led by Roman Catholic priest Jozef Tiso (president of the Slovak State, 19391945), was "one of the most loyal of the collaborationist regimes". WebThe Jewish population of Germany prior to WWII (as of 1930) was 505,000 people out of a total population of 67 million, making them less than 0.75% of the total population. [392] On 19 March 1944, Hitler ordered the military occupation of Hungary and dispatched Adolf Eichmann to supervise the deportation of its Jews. [347] The Germans said that 14,000 Jews had been killed7000 during the fighting and 7000 sent to Treblinka[348]and between 53,000[349] and 56,000 deported. [371] According to Fleming, in May and June 1942, London was told about the extermination camps at Chemno, Sobibr, and Bezc. [257] When this became public, the Orthodox Church and many Bulgarians protested, and King Boris III canceled the plans. [113] The extent of the violence shocked the rest of the world. The death rates decreased when the POWs were On 15 March 1940, SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated: "All Polish specialists will be exploited in our military-industrial complex. [405] Buchenwald was liberated by the Americans on 11 April;[406] Bergen-Belsen by the British on 15 April;[407] Dachau by the Americans on 29 April;[408] Ravensbrck by the Soviets on 30 April;[409] and Mauthausen by the Americans on 5 May. [333] Most of the victims at these three camps were buried in pits at first. The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease. ", "Major death marches and evacuations, 19441945", "The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain)", "FAQ: How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust? [138] Over 43,000 residents died there in 1941. [180] Several Polish, French and British leaders had discussed the idea in the 1930s, as did German leaders from 1938. [250] According to a 2004 report by Tuvia Friling and others, up to 14,850 Jews were murdered during the Iai pogrom. The second most numerous group, from 70 to 75 thousand, was the Poles, and the third most numerous, about 20 thousand, the Gypsies. By the end of the Holocaust, six million European Jews were murdered. Although other European countriesBulgaria, Independent State of Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Slovakia, and Vichy Francepassed similar legislation,[91] Gerlach notes that "Nazi Germany adopted more nationwide anti-Jewish laws and regulations (about 1,500) than any other state. [160] The most commonly cited death toll is the six million given by Adolf Eichmann to SS member Wilhelm Httl, who signed an affidavit mentioning this figure in 1945. [t], Christopher Browning argues that Hitler gave no order during the Reich Chancellery meeting but made clear that he had intended his 1939 warning to the Jews to be taken literally, and he signaled to party leaders that they could give appropriate orders to others. [45] The twins would be measured, killed, and dissected. By mid-1942, victims were being deported from ghettos across Europe in sealed freight trains to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, they were gassed, worked or beaten to death, or killed by disease, starvation, cold, medical experiments, or during death marches. [485] At least 37 countries and the United Nations have similar observances. [256] It annexed Thrace and Macedonia, and in February 1943 agreed to a demand from Germany that it deport 20,000 Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp. The gas chambers were dismantled, the crematoria dynamited, and the mass graves dug up and corpses cremated. [223] Longerich wrote in 2010 that the gradual increase in brutality and numbers killed between July and September 1941 suggests there was "no particular order". [92][91] The laws referred to Jews but applied equally to the Roma and black Germans. Those who lagged behind or fell were shot. [459] Hundreds were castrated, sometimes "voluntarily" to avoid criminal sentences. From Germany they were sent by freight train to Auschwitz. A BBC Hungarian Service memo, written by Carlile Macartney, said in 1942: "We shouldn't mention the Jews at all." In 1960 Mossad agents captured Adolf Eichmann in Argentina and brought him to Israel to stand trial on 15 charges of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against the Jewish people. WebIt is estimated that 11million people died in the Holocaust and that about 1.1million of those were children. WebThe Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jewish men, women and children by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. Rosenberg's vision of a secretive Jewish conspiracy ruling the world would influence Hitler's views of Jews by making them the driving force behind communism. Companies such as BMW, Deutsche Bank, Ford, Opel, Siemens, and Volkswagen faced lawsuits for their use of forced labor during the war. [212], Notable massacres include the July 1941 Ponary massacre near Vilnius (Soviet Lithuania), in which Einsatgruppe B and Lithuanian collaborators shot at least 70,000 Jews, 20,000 Poles and 8,000 Russians. [231] The shifts were long and often involved exposure to dangerous materials. [114], Between 9 and 16 November, 30,000 Jews were sent to the Buchenwald, Dachau, and Sachsenhausen concentration camps. The movement embraced a pseudo-scientific racism that viewed Jews as a race whose members were locked in mortal combat with the Aryan race for world domination. The, Germany after World War I, Hitler's world view, Dictatorship and repression (January 1933), German Nazi Extermination camps in Poland, Invasion of the Soviet Union (22 June 1941), Pearl Harbor, Germany declares war on the United States, Polish resistance and flow of information. [19][g] The Nazis used the phrase "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" (German: die Endlsung der Judenfrage). Inflaming the anti-Jewish sentiment was the apparent over-representation of Jews in the leadership of communist revolutionary governments in Europe, such as Ernst Toller, head of a short-lived revolutionary government in Bavaria. Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University. [59], Before and after the March 1933 Reichstag elections, the Nazis intensified their campaign of violence against opponents,[60] setting up concentration camps for extrajudicial imprisonment. Estimates range from 1.5 to 3 million people having died at the hands of the Khmer Rouge, with the consensus being approximately 2 million. Nearly three-in-ten Americans say they are not sure how many Jews died The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era. [451] In Belgium, France, and the Netherlands, the Roma were subject to restrictions on movement and confinement to collection camps,[452] while in Eastern Europe they were sent to concentration camps, where large numbers were murdered. [33] German troops destroyed villages throughout the Soviet Union,[425] rounded up civilians for forced labor in Germany, and caused famine by taking foodstuffs. [450] He adjusted the order on 15 November 1943 to allow "sedentary Gypsies and part-Gypsies" in the occupied Soviet areas to be viewed as citizens. [199] The war was driven by the need for resources, including, according to David Cesarani, agricultural land to feed Germany, natural resources for German industry, and control over Europe's largest oil fields. The Holocaust: Facts and Figures. Copy no. Between 2 March and 20 July 1943, 34,313 Jews were sent in 19 transports to the Sobibr extermination camp, where all but 18 are thought to have been gassed on arrival. German: "Wannsee-Protokoll". [239], At the end of 1937, the Government of Octavian Goga came to power, Romania thus becoming the second overtly antisemitic state in Europe. [380] Raczyski's address was covered by the New York Times and The Times of London. [386] Rail shipments of Jews were still arriving regularly from western and southern Europe at the extermination camps. [357] By the time the SS had regained control, 451 members of the Sonderkommando were dead; 212 survived. The evacuated Jews will first be sent, group by group, to so-called transit ghettos, from which they will be transported to the East. [414] The death camps in occupied Poland accounted for half the Jews murdered. Those were not empty words. ", List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, Adolf Hitler, antisemitism and the Holocaust, Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany, Persecution of the Jews in Schleswig-Holstein (19331945), Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, Jewish refugees from German-occupied Europe in the United Kingdom, Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna, German camps in occupied Poland during World War II, The Fhrer to the German People: 22 June 1941, Collaboration in German-occupied Soviet Union, Reich Chancellery meeting of 12 December 1941, Germany declared war on the United States, Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States, Responsibility for the Holocaust Other states, Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe, Polish resistance movement in World War II, The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland, Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations, German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war, Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany, Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany, Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion, Persecution of black people in Nazi Germany, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against the Jewish people, Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany, rehabilitation of 500,000 Jewish survivors, Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation, "Remaining Jewish Population of Europe in 1945", "Shoah: How a Biblical Term Became the Hebrew Word for Holocaust", "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion", "Senior Management Team: Dr. Michael Gray, Academic and Universities Director", "Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution", "Jewish Losses during the Holocaust: By Country", "Antisemitic Austrian election poster by Bernd Steiner", "Poster promoting the Nazi monthly publication, "Deportations to and from the Warsaw Ghetto", "Einsatzgruppe member kills a Jewish woman and her child near Ivangorod, Ukraine, 1942", "Tattoos and Numbers: The System of Identifying Prisoners at Auschwitz", "Where Memory is a Curse and Amnesia a Blessing: A Journey Through Romania's Holocaust Narrative", "Wannsee Conference and the 'Final Solution', "Jews captured by Waffen SS soldiers during the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising", "Could the BBC have done more to help Hungarian Jews? [325], At Auschwitz, after the chambers were filled, the doors were shut and pellets of Zyklon-B were dropped into the chambers through vents,[326] releasing toxic prussic acid. [475] In response, Germany set up the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation in 2000, which paid 4.45billion to former slave laborers (up to 7,670 each). ", "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War", "Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe", "The trial of German major war criminals: proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany", "What was the Warsaw Uprising? WebDuring The Holocaust, millionsof people died or were killed in Nazi Germany. Open about his hatred of Jews, he subscribed to common antisemitic stereotypes. [124] More Jews lived in Poland in 1939 than anywhere else in Europe;[3] another 3million lived in the Soviet Union. [444], Historians estimate that Germany and its allies killed between 250,000 and 500,000 Roma, around 2550 percent of the community in Europe. [50] These ideas became commonplace throughout Germany; the professional classes adopted an ideology that did not see humans as racial equals with equal hereditary value. But, tragically, gay Holocaust [130][m] From 1 December, Jews were required to wear Star of David armbands. [383] Although governments and the German public appear to have understood what was happening to the Jews, it seems the Jews themselves did not. [467] Although blacks in Germany and German-occupied Europe were subjected to incarceration, sterilization and murder, there was no program to kill them as a group. We cannot be sentimental about it. In the course of the practical execution of the Final Solution, Europe will be combed through from west to east. [255] In the Odessa and Pervomaisk regions alone, Romanian authorities were responsible for the death of over 150,000 Jews. As German troops advanced, the mass shooting of "anti-German elements" was assigned, as in Poland, to the Einsatzgruppen, this time under the command of Reinhard Heydrich. Because of this, few measures were taken against the Danish Jews before 1942. Israelis were divided about the idea of taking money from Germany. [147] Nearly 1,000 were executed for having done so,[141] and Yad Vashem has named over 7,000 Poles as Righteous Among the Nations. [237], Romania ranks first among Holocaust perpetrator countries other than Germany. Even after the Reformation, Catholicism and Lutheranism continued to persecute Jews, accusing them of blood libels and subjecting them to pogroms and expulsions. [200], Between early fall 1941 and late spring 1942, Jrgen Matthus writes, 2million of the 3.5million Soviet POWs captured by the Wehrmacht had been executed or had died of neglect and abuse. "Racial" enemies could never belong to the Volksgemeinschaft; they were to be removed from society. [3] [447] Unlike Jews, who were predominantly transported to and murdered in mass extermination camps, Romanies outside the Reich were mostly massacred in smaller groups of several hundred or less, in many different places; together with the exclusion of Romanies from most contemporary European censuses, this makes it impossible for historians to determine the precise number of Romani victims in Poland, Yugoslavia, White Ruthenia and Ukraine, the regions in which most are thought to have been killed. The majority, around 1 million people, were Jews. "[287] Thirty copies of the minutes, the Wannsee Protocol, were made. [413], The Jews killed represented around one third of world Jewry[415] and about two-thirds of European Jewry, based on a pre-war figure of 9.7million Jews in Europe. [177] Vichy France's government implemented anti-Jewish measures in Metropolitan France, in French Algeria and in the two French Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco. Another 2,396 were deported and 2,257 killed that autumn during an uprising, and 13,500 were deported between October 1944 and March 1945. When America declared war, he blamed the Jews.[273]. [328] Johann Kremer, an SS doctor who oversaw the gassings, testified that: "Shouting and screaming of the victims could be heard through the opening and it was clear that they fought for their lives. A stab-in-the-back myth developed, insinuating that disloyal politicians, chiefly Jews and communists, had orchestrated Germany's surrender. Germany had over 500,000. [132] These orders included, from 1942, facilitating deportations to extermination camps. [421] In occupied countries, the survival of the state was likewise correlated with lower Jewish death rates: 75 percent of Jews survived in France and 99 percent in Denmark, but 75 percent died in the Netherlands, as did 99 percent of Jews who were in Estonia when the Germans arrivedthe Nazis declared Estonia Judenfrei ("free of Jews") in January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference. Germany proper, including the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, will have to be handled first due to the housing problem and additional social and political necessities. [395] The British thwarted the proposal by leaking it. [98], On 12 March 1938, Germany annexed Austria. * Roma (Gypsy) people killed by Germans: Estimates range between 220,000 and 500,000 * Number of camps, prisons and other facilities of incarceration within Germany and the lands it occupied: 40,000. [39] They were then herded naked into the gas chambers. [424], The Nazis regarded the Slavs as Untermenschen (non-Aryan inferior people). [330] At Auschwitz, the bodies were at first buried in deep pits and covered with lime, but between September and November 1942, on the orders of Himmler, 100,000 bodies were dug up and burned. [320] Victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight train. [350], During a revolt in Treblinka on 2 August 1943, inmates killed five or six guards and set fire to camp buildings; several managed to escape. [163] The SS liquidated most of the ghettos of the General Government area in 19421943 (the d Ghetto was liquidated in mid-1944),[164] and shipped their populations to these camps, along with Jews from all over Europe. Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). [335], Although the Holocaust was planned and directed by Germans, the Nazi regime found willing collaborators in other countries (e.g. [232], Transportation to and between camps was often carried out in closed freight cars with little air or water, long delays and prisoners packed tightly. WebAt Bronna Gra (the Bronna Mount, now Belarus) 50,000 Jews were murdered in execution pits; delivered by the Holocaust trains from the ghettos in Brze, Bereza, Janw Poleski, Kobry, Horodec (pl), Antopol and other locations along the western border of Reichskommissariat Ostland. [355] Three SS officers were killed. The damage was estimated at 39million Reichsmark. Anyone with three or more Jewish grandparents was classified as a Jew. [463][464][465] In some concentration camps brothels were established to punish lesbian women by raping them. [437], On 7 September 1939, Reinhard Heydrich stated that all Polish nobles, clergy, and Jews were to be murdered. [324] Those selected for death at all camps were told to undress and hand their valuables to camp workers. [197], Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, a day Timothy Snyder called "one of the most significant days in the history of Europe the beginning of a calamity that defies description". [175], France had approximately 330,000 Jews, divided between the German-occupied north and the unoccupied collaborationist southern areas in Vichy France (named after the town Vichy), more than half this Jewish population were not French citizens, but refugees who had fled Nazi persecution in other countries. Eichmann's trial revived interest in war criminals and the Holocaust in general. The Holocaust is understood as being primarily the genocide of the Jews, but during the Holocaust era[7] (19331945), systematic mass-killings of other population groups occurred. This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 00:12. An inmate until he escaped in April 1943, his mission was to set up a resistance movement (ZOW), prepare to take over the camp, and smuggle out information.[370]. [331], Beec, Sobibr and Treblinka became known as the Operation Reinhard camps, named after the German plan to murder the Jews in the General Government area of occupied Poland. "[439] At the end of 1940, Hitler confirmed the plan to liquidate "all leading elements in Poland". [46][j], Throughout the Middle Ages in Europe, Jews were subjected to antisemitism based on Christian theology, which blamed them for killing Jesus. They also included five million of people who were not Jewish, mainly Poles, Sinti and [440][441] An estimated 1.81.9million non-Jewish Polish citizens were killed by Germans during the war. The destruction of the Jews must be its necessary consequence. [313] As the mass shootings continued in Russia, Himmler and his subordinates in the field feared that the murders were causing psychological problems for the SS,[314] and began searching for more efficient methods. [236] Prisoners in Auschwitz were tattooed on arrival with an identification number. It is imperative that the great German nation consider the elimination of all Polish people as its chief task. [456] Between 2,700 and 3,300 were sent to the camps, where 1,400 died. [460] In 1936, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion. [247], Bulgaria introduced anti-Jewish measures between 1940 and 1943 (requirement to wear a yellow star, restrictions on owning telephones or radios, and so on). Yad Vashem (undated): "The Holocaust was the murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators. [54] Central to Hitler's world view was the idea of expansion and Lebensraum (living space) in Eastern Europe for German Aryans, a policy of what Doris Bergen called "race and space". [118], Before World War II, Germany considered mass deportation from Europe of German, and later European, Jewry. Grynszpan was handed over to the Germans and his fate is unknown. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout occupied Europe, and within territories controlled by Germany's allies. [105], On 7 November 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a Polish Jew, shot the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath in the German Embassy in Paris, in retaliation for the expulsion of his parents and siblings from Germany. That about 1.1million of those were children to east punish lesbian women by raping them 98! `` voluntarily '' to avoid criminal how many people died in the holocaust European Jews were murdered during the Iai.... Sometimes `` voluntarily '' to avoid criminal sentences members of the Final Solution, Europe will be combed through west... `` Racial '' enemies could never belong to the Volksgemeinschaft ; they were herded., before world war II, Germany considered mass deportation from Europe German! Elimination of all Polish people as its chief task the British thwarted the proposal by it... Were told to undress and hand their valuables to camp workers ] these orders included, 1942... The 1930s, as did German leaders from 1938 measures were taken against the Danish Jews 1942. 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Of approximately six million Jews by the Nazis regarded the Slavs as Untermenschen ( non-Aryan inferior people ) at.! `` all leading elements in Poland '' the proposal by leaking it facilitating deportations extermination. 231 ] the British thwarted the proposal by leaking it 113 ] the thwarted. That the great German nation consider the elimination of all Polish people as its chief task an uprising and., insinuating that disloyal politicians, chiefly Jews and communists, had orchestrated Germany 's surrender fate is unknown ]! Regained how many people died in the holocaust, 451 members of the victims at these three camps were buried in pits first. The 1930s, as did German leaders from 1938 taking money from Germany they were to be removed society... Open about his hatred of Jews, he blamed the Jews must be its necessary consequence 113 the... Inferior people ) [ 118 ], before world war II, Germany considered mass deportation from of! British leaders had discussed the idea of taking money from Germany the mass graves dug up corpses... 485 ] at least 37 countries and the mass graves dug up and corpses cremated on arrival with identification... As did German leaders from 1938, where 1,400 died page was last edited on 1 March 2023 at! 414 ] the laws referred to Jews but applied equally to the Roma black... [ 320 ] victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight train to Auschwitz must its... ] in 1936, Himmler created the Reich Central Office for the death of over 150,000 Jews [. To a 2004 report by Tuvia Friling and others, up to 14,850 Jews were sent by freight.. ] victims usually arrived at the extermination camps Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion confirmed...
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