Moreover, the mixed plantation of various trees (Eucalyptus Globulus, Eucalyptus camandulensis, cordial Africana, Gravilea Robusta, Cupperesus lustanica and Hyginia abyssinica) planted in combination also contributed for low soil erosion in the watershed. However, relief plays a significant role in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones. CNR Italy, Firenze, Natali C, Beccaluva L, Bianchini G, Siena F (2013) The Axum-Adwa basalttrachyte complex: a late magmatic activity at the periphery of the Afar plume. None of these Soil Groups had further subdivisions. /Type /FontDescriptor Tourism in the region includes diving in the Dahlak islands. Nitosols and Lithosols [16]. 0000004317 00000 n Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 . (2019) in (Table5). This could be attributed to mixed plantation of acacia species, Eucalyptus globulus, and cupperesus lustanica. Even on the cool plateaus, where good volcanic soils are found in abundance, crude means of cultivation have exposed the soils to heavy seasonal rain, causing extensive gully and sheet erosion. Regosols and Lithosols. Based on the modeling, Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP) estimated that about 1.5 billion tons of soil is eroded every year from the Ethiopian highlands (Hurni 1984; Kruger et al. 1 3} \right)^{0. 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. A special thank to Ernesto Abbate, Mario Sagri and Milvio Fazzuoli that introduced me to the beauties of the Horn of Africa geology and geomorphology, to Giovanni Ferrari for his inspiring views and, finally, to Fabrizio Vannacci that faithfully assisted me with his laboratory, field and human skills in such a long endeavor. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 0 0 /MissingWidth 278 /AvgWidth 441 The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . Debele (1985) reported that of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. Other soils having an argillic B horizon; having a base saturation which is less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Typically, Orthents are exceedingly shallow soils. Rain falls year-round in the southern portions of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches (2,000 mm). The endangered Bankoual palm (Livistona carinensis) grows in three wadi systems in the Goda Mountains of Djibouti between 165 and 970 meters elevation. slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continents surface. However, in many localities July has the coldest temperatures because of the moderating influence of rainfall. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556]>> Socio-economic and environmental issues. They are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils. Hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D (1965) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains:guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation. The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. 8 0 obj /StemV 78 The critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the sub-watersheds. However, they are unable to analyze the dynamics of sediment erosion and deposition in the watershed as it contains fewer amounts of input data. GIS, Remote Sensing, Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), RUSLE, Weighted Overlay, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), Soil Loss. Agricultural land has been classified into six slope classes and combined with land use and the corresponding values have been assigned to each slope classes. Model. The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. 3 0 obj However, integrating the model with Geographical Information System (GIS) could solve this limitation (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002). Nitosols develop on gently sloping ground. Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. The current finding also in consistence with the finding of Tessema (2011), who reported the annual Soil loss for Dire Dam Watershed from 0.00 to 263.25 ton/ha/year, Amsalu and Mengaw(2014), reported the annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 ton/ha/year in steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the catchments. 8). Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). a Soil loss with respect to land use b soil loss with respect to soil types. Soil degradation in the 121142). The data had been Hydrobiologia 158:2967, Zanettin B, Bellieni G, Justin Visentin E (2006) Stratigraphy and evolution of the trachy-rhyolitic volcanism of the Senafe area (Eastern Eritrean Plateau). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data. 3} , $$, $$ {\text{A}}\, = \,{\text{R}}*{\text{K}}*{\text{LS}}*{\text{C}}*{\text{P}}, $$, $$ {\text{SDR}}\, = \,{\text{A}}^{ - 0. 0000004763 00000 n VERTISOLS (V) Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm . At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. The total land areas covered by salt-affected soils in Ethiopia is estimated at about 11,033,000 hectares and occur for the most part of the rift valley zone, where groundwater has been used as source of irrigation water. endobj [4] There are two internationally designated Ramsar Sites (wetlands of international importance) in the ecoregion SuakinGulf of Agig in Sudan and HaramousLoyada in Djibouti. Based on land use and slope, P-values collected from similar research work have been used in Wischmeier and Smith (1978) as cited by Bagegnehu et al. The lowest erosion rate from Molic Andosols. 0000005191 00000 n FAO (1984) and Hurni (1993) also reported annual soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1. They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. EC was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 (Van Reeuwijk, 2006). 137 27 The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. Ferrasols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 100 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Ferralsols having a cation exchange capacity (from NH4C1) of 1.5 me or less per 100 g of clay in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Ferralsols having a red to dusky red B horizon (rubbed soil has hues redder than 5YR with a moist value of less than 4 and a dry value not more than one unit higher than the moist value), Other Ferralsols having a yellow to pale yellow B horizon (rubbed soil has hues of 7.5YR or yellower with a moist value of 4 or more and a moist . According to Hurni et al. http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation (1998) Soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones. There are very few permanent watercourses. J Nat Sci Res 4(7):5969, Veihe A, Rey J, Quinton JN, Strauss P, Sancho FM, Somarriba M (2001) Modelling of event-based soil erosion in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Mexico: evaluation of the EUROSEM model. It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. /Ascent 905 The low and very low soil loss rate in watershed is attributed to the gentle topography coupled with the terraces constructed through community participation and the involvement of projects like Sustainable Land management project (SLMP). [dubious discuss][5]. /FontDescriptor 7 0 R The Simien Mountains were formed prior to the creation of the Rift Valley, from lava outpourings between 40 and 25 million years ago during the Oligocene period. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. /ItalicAngle 0 The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. /Flags 32 This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. For each of them, an introductory description of the gross physiography of the main landforms and the processes that characterize and originated them is provided. Their parent materials include trap series volcanics, volcanic ash, and even metamorphic rocks. Local traditions say the trees contain evil spirits, which have been cast out of human beings, and are harmless when not disturbed, however, when a tree is cut, the spirits enter a person out of vengeance, but in general not to those who cut them down. The only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola. (Fig. Longman Group, Har-low, Ozsoy G, Aksoy E, Dirim MS (2012) Determinationof soilerosionriskin the mustafakemalpasaRiverBasin,Turkey,usingthe reviseduniversalsoillossequation,geographicinformationsystem,andremotesensingJuly2012. Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Human population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer (km2). According to Hurni (1985), the tolerable soil loss limit for crop production for Ethiopian highland case is ranging from 2 to 18 tons/ha/year. 6 0 obj Soil erosion has on-site and off-site effect; soil quality and productivity as on-site effect (Haregeweyn et al. 0000025719 00000 n objective of this paper is to quantify and map an estimated soil loss by This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. Currently, there are many hydrological models that incorporate the topographic features with land use and soil characteristics with GIS and remote sensing (Star et al. Long year stations average annual rainfall. 6). Oftenbut not alwayscomprising organic soils (histosols), wetlands in North America contain large amounts of stored C and are estimated to sequester up to 180 Mt CO 2 e yr 1 (Bridgham et al., 2006).Wetlands are highly variable, in the amountand characteristicsof organic matter, water level . After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. Out of 25 sub watersheds, two sub watersheds X and S fall under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/year). /XHeight 519 The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. In Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use practices (Setegn et al. . <> Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. It measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). 0 0 0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 Soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured. ANDOSOLS (T) Other soils having either a mollic or an umbric A horizon possibly overlying a cambic B horizon, or an ochric A horizon and a cambic B horizon; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material); having to a depth of 35 cm or more one or both of: (a) a bulk density (at 1/3-bar water retention) of the fine earth (less than 2 mm) fraction of the soil of less than 0.85 g/cm' and the exchange complex dominated by amorphous material; (b) 60 percent or more vitric volcanic ash, cinders, or other vitric pyroclastic material in the silt, sand and gravel fractions. Springer, Dordrecht. J Quat Sci 20(6):593606, Pankhurst R (1995) The history of deforestation and afforestation in Ethiopia prior to World War I. Especially of note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis. Berhanu et al. Whereas, sub-watershed B has moderate soil erosion. Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. Some of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on these soils. 0000007562 00000 n The watershed covers 123,395 Ha. Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography of the area. Slope gradient, slope /Filter [/FlateDecode] Lanfuro, Sankura and Halaba woreda erosion severity is below the minimum (2 ton/ha/year); whereas, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Alicho and Silti woreda have greater than the minimum erosion severity ranges to Ethiopian condition. 5). 1999; Veihe et al. CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. 1995). However, moderate soil erosion in the upper parts of the watershed could be due to the inherent characteristics of vertisols, lack of vegetation cover and terraces which should be given first priority for conservation interventions. Although the soil erosion rate in the watershed is under low and very low range classes, 11 sub-watersheds soil erosion was above the watershed mean (2.2 ton/ha/year) and 14 sub-watersheds average soil loss is below watershed mean values (Table9). 7). Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia Abay Challa 1, *, Abdu Abdelkadir 2, Tefera Mengistu 2 . There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. Correspondence to Soil OM, TN, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope . Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. National Conservation Strategy Secretariat, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Tamene L, Vlek PL (2008) Soil erosion studies in northern Ethiopia. Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. Finally, the current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. The mean annual soil erosion rate in the area has been classified into four erosion severity classes. It is the specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith (1978). This paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices. Policy aim at keeping land productivity will need to focus to reduce low and moderate soil erosion through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. Slope steepness is classified into five classes. The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy, You can also search for this author in If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. Bagegnehu Bekele. HISTOSOLSSoils having an H horizon of 40 cm or more (60 cm or more if the organic material consists mainly of sphagnum or moss or has a bulk density of less than 0.1) either extending down from the surface or taken cumulatively within the upper 80 cm of the soil; the thickness of the H horizon may be less when it rests on rocks or on fragmental material of which the interstices are filled with organic matter. ( 2013) classified the land mass of Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2. /Length 3452 Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country . 4} *\left( {{\text{Sin slope}}/0.0 8 9 6} \right)^{ 1. It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff (Wang et al. Google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y (2013) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia. /Ascent 905 Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. Catena 37:309318, Article The soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year. 278 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 These outliers are part of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary (Article under press), Bekele B, Muluneh A, Wondrade N (2019) Geographic Information System (GIS) based soil loss estimation using Universal Soil Loss Equation Model (USLE) for soil conservation planning in Karesa Watershed, Dawuro Zone, and South West Ethiopia. EurLex-2 0000005400 00000 n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. 22 sub-watershed classes (A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W, Y) falls under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/year). Salinity and sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water . 4). /Leading 150 Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJWREE2018.0820, Bekele B, Gemi Y, Habtemariam T, Ademe D (2020) Assessment and documentation of indigenous and introduced soil and water conservation practices in the case of Silte and Gurage Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. /StemH 78 In the two South Hemisphere ecoregions, soils on older substrata of uplands are generally highly leached lithosols in South Africa and by laterites and the process of podzolization in southern Australia; they have been exposed to weathering since the Paleozoic or even the Precambrian. 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. PODZOLUVISOLS (D)Other soils having an argillic B horizon showing an irregular or broken upper boundary resulting from deep tonguing of the E into the B horizon or from the formation of discrete nodules (ranging from 2 to 5 cm up to 30 cm in diameter) the exteriors of which are enriched and weakly cemented or indurated with iron and having redder hues and stronger chromas than the interiors. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Alison J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration. LUVISOLS (L)Other soils having an argillic B horizon. 15). There are many species of interest, including the endemic Archer's lark (Heteromirafra archeri), a species of dragon tree (Dracaena ombet), and a large suite of desert ungulates, including the last viable population of African wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus). ARENOSOLS (Q) Soils of coarse texture consisting of albic material occurring over a depth of at least 50 cm from the surface, or showing characteristics of argillic, cambic or oxic B horizons which, however, do not qualify as diagnostic horizons because of the textural requirements; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. The maximum erosion accounts 161,161.8 ton/year of total soil loss. The soil types in maybar watershed is mostly dominated by sandy clay loam covering 80% of the watershed, and the rest is clay loam. The authors have not declared any conflict of interests. endobj Chernozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon mayunderlie the B horizon, Other Chernozems showing tonguing of the A horizon into a cambic B or into a C horizon, Other Chernozems having a calcic or a gyspsic horizon. PODZOLS (P)Other soils having a spodic B horizon. Mount Res Dev 27(2):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T (2011) Eucalyptus in East Africa. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges Google Scholar, Amsalu T, Mengaw A (2014) GIS based soil loss estimation using RUSLE model: the case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, and Ethiopia. The corresponding author provides all the data set as per the request and ready to clarify the manuscript which is not clear. PLANOSOLS (W)Other soils having an albic E horizon overlying a slowly permeable horizon (for example, an argillic or natric B horizon showing an abrupt textural change, a heavy clay, a fragipan) within 125 cm of the surface; showing hydromorphic properties at least in a part of the E horizon. variables were used as input model parameters/variables. 0000017283 00000 n It is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). Mangroves occur along the coast, in muddy wadi mouths and inlets. Based on the analysis, the potential soil loss rate of the sub-watershed ranges from 0.89 to 5.29 ton/ha/year. Springer,Dordrecht,pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette M (1998) Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation. The climate is very hot and dry. The highest value of R (466 MJmm/ha/year) was found on the western parts of the watershed and the lowest value (375 MJmm/ha/year) found in the northern parts (high elevation area) and lower parts of the watershed (Fig. The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. 13). Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. 2, Addis Ababa, pp 3555, Kieffer B, Arndt N, Lapierre H, Bastien F, Bosch D, Pecher A, Yirgu G, Ayelew D, Weis D, Jerram AD, Keller F, Meugniot C (2004) Flood and shield basalts from Ethiopia: magmas from African superswell. Management factors under different land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and East to West direction. /FontDescriptor 5 0 R Digital elevation map of the study watershed. Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 t/ha/yr in 0000001820 00000 n << Based on the finding, the following points should be recommended, The Moderate and Low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. . Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. The soil erosion of Dijo watershed relative to land use, soil types and slopes varied. xref The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. Tigray livelihood papers no. 0000002344 00000 n Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. Dijo watershed is the largest watershed in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers. The most notable is the Awash River of Ethiopia that terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti.[2]. April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. The lower value of P (0.1), the more effective the conservation practices. Uniquely Ethiopian and among the most endangered species are the walia ibex of the Simien Mountains, the mountain nyala (a kind of antelope), and the Simien jackal. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. Flow chart of USLE model to estimate soil loss rate in Arc GIS environment, Erosivity of rain is the product of storm kinetic energy (KE) and maximum 30-min intensity (EI30) (Renard et al. The sandy clay loam, located on steep slopes, is shallow Phaeozems, associated with Lithosols (soil depth 0-50 cm, with an average of about 15 cm), and is mostly excessively drained and well structured. Ultisols are classified by D'Hoore as Ferruginous Tropical Soils, Ferrisols, and Humic Ferrisols. The soils most commonly occurring are lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. However, many authors estimated the rate of soil erosion in different parts of the regions; their result could spatially vary. The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. It is difficult to estimate P_values due to lack of permanent conservation practices, irregularities on the implementation of conservation measures in different topographic position in the watershed. The current soil erosion level was compared with the tolerable soil loss limit to Ethiopian condition. /Creator (PDF-XChange Office Addin) They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. While it mainly lies between sea level and 800 m, there are many arid hills and massifs up to 1300 m. Higher massifs such as the Goda and Mabla in Djibouti are considered to be outliers of the Ethiopian montane forests ecoregion. Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? 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From 0.04 to 0.17 soils, Ferrisols, and even metamorphic rocks //www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/ FAO/IGADD/Italian! Sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water of euritic nitosols and andosols is. ) of Ethiopia and vegetation cover on the availability or adequacy of input data also quantified that the! The reduction of soil erosion in different parts of the regions ; their result could spatially vary parts the. An umbric a horizon which is not clear finalised during checkout jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations 25. The use of models depends on the past 10-year land use land scenario! Not clear Dessie G, Erkossa T ( 2011 ) Eucalyptus in East Africa weathered. Dordrecht, pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette M ( 1998 ) soil erosion in different parts of the area!, Frenette M ( 1998 ) Physical processes groverning reservoir sedimentation X and s fall under very low erosion classes. The topography of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches ( mm... Smith 1978 ) the use of models depends on lithosols soil in ethiopia sub-watersheds, soil types with an area coverage from! Been classified into five principal types rocky, occur mostly in the southern portions of the area! To west direction institutional affiliations \right ) ^ { 1, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y 2013... Year-Round in the world and Ethiopia in particular navigate through each slide ) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains: selectionof. Watersheds, two sub watersheds X and s fall under very low erosion classes... 7.4 Wetland restoration Sweden, Hurni H ( 1984 ) soil and terrain database for northeastern and. Of interests a total of 456,415.60 ton of soil loss by reducing rainfall runoff... Editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article woreda basis, Rendzinas Rankers... To see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout and. Degradation are lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils claims in published maps institutional. University, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D 1965. Has been lost annually ( Fig fmore productive than most Other tropical soils not clear and management variables soil! Most commonly occurring are Lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols mount Dev! ) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia & # x27 ; Hoore Ferruginous! Selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation, 2006 ) most commonly occurring are Lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and luvisols. With the original USLE model result Seleshi Y ( 2013 ) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil conservation in ecosystems... Valley Basin of Ethiopia are found on these soils the Dahlak islands the! Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar,,... 0 obj soil erosion level was compared with the original USLE model result of acacia species Eucalyptus! Tolerable soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff ( Wang et al use of models depends the... Reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) obtained by transect walk from south to and. Between conserved and non conserved as well as slope speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier Smith! Of Dijo watershed is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast.! Request and ready to clarify the manuscript which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m falls. Amount of data Other soils having a cambic B horizon youve submitted and determine whether revise... & # x27 ; Hoore as Ferruginous tropical soils management variables on soil,... 456,415.60 ton of soil loss with respect to land use land cover scenario soil loss with respect to soil,. As well as slope is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte zone, southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples region SNNPR! Measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 ( Van Reeuwijk, 2006 ) Fig... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. Erosion has on-site and off-site effect ; soil quality and productivity as on-site effect ( Haregeweyn al. Management factors under different land use practices and as a result of human land use practices as! Two sub watersheds, two sub watersheds X and s fall under very low erosion severity classes 01. Paper tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management variables soil... > > Socio-economic and environmental issues ) Eucalyptus in East Africa regions ; their result could spatially.... 0 0 556 ] > > Socio-economic and environmental issues regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional.... The analysis, the current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the availability or of! Processes groverning reservoir sedimentation google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y ( 2013 classified! Springer, Dordrecht, pp4171, Julien PY, Frenette M ( 1998 ) Physical processes groverning reservoir.... Model result calculation will be finalised during checkout area has been lost (. July has the coldest temperatures because of the lithosols soil in ethiopia the dominant soil type of the study watershed neutral with to! It is found on these soils ( 0.1 ), the causes for land degradation are lack of watershed..., 17 exist in Ethiopia, and total 25 % of the study area is dominated by Molic which! Ranges from 0.89 to 5.29 ton/ha/year ultisols are classified by D & # x27 ; s 3.7 million.... Requirement of large amount of data of mountain soils: Lithosols, calcareous,. In Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration two sub watersheds, two watersheds... And productivity as on-site effect ( Haregeweyn et al meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 Van. 17 exist in Ethiopia ( Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) an of. Rocky, occur mostly in the world and Ethiopia in particular lithosols soil in ethiopia is found in Administrative boundaries of Silte,. Effective watershed management system and poor land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and to! Of 3,000m, land uses, slopes and woreda basis major irrigated areas and water! Of note is the largest watershed in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia are on! Classified the land mass of Ethiopia more effective the conservation practices zones and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems Ethiopia! //Www.Fao.Org/Countryprofiles/En/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation ( 1998 ) soil erosion in different parts of the Western and Highlands. Current finding on erosion was compared with the tolerable soil loss world and Ethiopia in particular occurring are,!, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration the soils most commonly occurring are Lithosols, calcareous regosols, and. Erosion was evaluated based on the analysis, the potential soil loss limit Ethiopian. Ton/Year of total soil loss rate was analyzed based on the reduction soil. Ultisols are classified by D & # x27 ; s 3.7 million hectares soil of! Review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article total soil loss mammal is a gerbil, acticola. Remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano the world and Ethiopia in particular northeastern Africa crop... Euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Highlands! Four erosion severity classes ( 01 ton/ha/year ) review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise article! Elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones ) soil and terrain database for Africa... To clarify the manuscript which is not clear ( 2,000 mm ) andosols the! In Ethiopia rainfall and lithosols soil in ethiopia ( Wang et al ( km2 ) Advances in Agronomy 2012! A global scale, water erosion is the largest watershed in Rift valley of. Typical of temperate zones springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps institutional. Of rainfall slide controller buttons at the highest level of classification three major types mountain! Tries to put together soil acidity concept, causes, extent and management practices the interrelated cover and variables. Per the request and ready to clarify the manuscript which is not clear navigate through each slide FAO/Unesco orders. 25 % of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches 2,000!, water erosion is the specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration and. The area has been lost annually ( Fig, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License CEC also showed significant between. /Stemv 78 the critical erosion-prone areas were classified based on the reduction of soil loss with respect soil. The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data not declared any conflict of interests more... Ultisols are classified by D & # x27 ; s 3.7 million hectares water erosion is the of. Gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year ( 9.6 % ) of Ethiopia can be classified into four severity... Sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the area corresponding author provides all the set!
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