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the american forests john muir summary

Muir, John, 1838-1914 Publication date 1901 Topics National parks and reserves -- United States, Yosemite National Park (Calif.) Publisher Boston, New York : Houghton, Mifflin and Company Collection cdl; americana Digitizing sponsor MSN Contributor University of California Libraries Language English My Account | Each article originally printed in this magazine is available here, complete and unedited from the historical print. John Muir was a Scottish-American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. Chapter 2: How is Sustainability a Political Issue? Even Japan is ahead of us in the management of her forests. He came to the San Francisco area in 1868 and there he discovered the Sierra Mountains. But timber-thieves of the Western class are seldom convicted, for the good reason that most of the jurors who try such cases are themselves as guilty as those on trial. Then he chops into one after another of the pines, until he finds one that he feels sure will split freely, cuts this down, saws off a section four feet long, splits it, and from this first cut, perhaps seven feet in diameter, he gets shakes enough for a cabin and its furniture, walls, roof, door, bedstead, table, and stool. Let them be welcomed still as nature welcomes them, to the woods as well as to the prairies and plains. In the settlement and civilization of the country, bread more than timber or beauty was wanted; and in the blindness of hunger, the early settlers, claiming Heaven as their guide, regarded Gods trees as only a larger kind of pernicious weeds, extremely hard to get rid of. The cool shades of the forest give rise to moist beds and currents of air, and the sod of grasses and the various flowering plants and shrubs thus fostered, together with the network and sponge of tree roots, absorb and hold back the rain and the waters from melting snow, compelling them to ooze and percolate and flow gently through the soil in streams that never dry. Even the fires of the Indians and the fierce shattering lightning seemed to work together only for good in clearing spots here and there for smooth garden prairies, and openings for sunflowers seeking the light. > He played a significant role in preserving and protecting important areas of our country. This paper looks at the roles that language had in the writings of John Muir, the father of American national parks and Gifford Pinchot, the father of American forest conservation. John Muir Lesson for Kids: Facts & Biography 2022-10-26. The fires, whether accidental or set, are allowed to run into the woods as far as they may, thus assuring comprehensive destruction. Of the total area of government forests, perhaps 70,000,000 acres, 55,000,000 acres have been brought under the control of the forestry department, a larger area than that of all our national parks and reservations. But most preferred the shake business, until something more profitable and as sure could be found, with equal comfort and independence. As a child, he designed many inventions that would ease the familys work. The redwood is restricted to the Coast Range, and the big tree to the Sierra. To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately, not unlike those which confront us now. As he grew older, Muir became increasingly excited about what plants and nature could teach him. Muir strategically uses God to appeal to the readers of the time. As for reservation and protection of forests, it seems as silly and needless to them as protection and reservation of the ocean would be; both appearing to be boundless and inexhaustible. The sprouts from the roots and stumps are cut off again and again, with zealous concern as to the best time and method of making death sure. They cannot run away; and if they could, they would still be destroyed, chased and hunted down as long as fun or a dollar could be got out of their bark hides, branching horns, or magnificent bole backbones. Over nearly all of the more accessible slopes of the Sierra and Cascade mountains in southern Oregon, at a height of from three to six thousand feet above the sea, and for a distance of about six hundred miles, this waste and confusion extends. After several legal battles, Congress established Yosemite National Park in 1890 in order to protect thousands of acres of forest land from further destruction. In the administration of its forests, the state righteously considers itself bound to treat them as a trust for the nation as a whole, and to keep in view the common good of the people for all time. By the act of June 3, 1878, timber can be taken from public lands not subject to entry under any existing laws except for minerals, by bona fide residents of the Rocky Mountain States and Territories and the Dakotas. At university, Muir focused his studies on chemistry, geology and botany. But in the Rocky Mountains and California and Arizona, where the forests are inflammable, and where the fertility of the lowlands depends upon irrigation, public opinion is growing stronger every year in favor of permanent protection by the federal government of all the forests that cover the sources of the streams. John Muir was one of the country's most famous naturalist and conservationist and Muir Woods, part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area, is named in his honor. The 39th president of the United States of America Jimmy Carter fears the domination of domestic use of the Artctic Refuge. Selecting a favorable spot for a cabin near a meadow with a stream, he unpacks his animal and stakes it out on the meadow. John Muir was an early proponent of a view we still hold todaythat much of California was pristine, untouched wilderness before the arrival of Europeans. Any fool can destroy trees. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, have been read by millions. It has been planted and is flourishing over a great part of Europe, and magnificent sections of the aboriginal forests have been reserved as national and state parks, the Mariposa Sequoia Grove, near Yosemite, managed by the State of California, and the General Grant and Sequoia national parks on the Kings, the Kaweah, and Tule rivers, efficiently guarded by a small troop of United States cavalry under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior. But when the steel axe of the white man rang out in the startled air their doom was sealed. He wrote many magazine articles and books, inspiring other people to love nature and drawing attention to the need to protect the environment. Only by gift or purchase, so far as I know, can the government get back into its possession a single acre of this wonderful forest. The whole sky, with clouds, sun, moon, and stars, is simply blotted out. "No prisoners were taken," recalled the witness to these events . 234. 237, pp. And in the fullness of time it was planted in groves, and belts, and broad, exuberant, mantling forests, with the largest, most varied, most fruitful, and most beautiful trees in the world. Had he gone West he would have found out that the sky was not safe; for all through the summer months, over most of the mountain regions, the smoke of mill and forest fires is so thick and black that no sunbeam can pierce it. In the East and along the northern Pacific coast, where the rainfall is abundant, comparatively few care keenly what becomes of the trees as long as fuel and lumber are not noticeably dear. In particular, from our Earth-based vantage point, we are keen to know where the closest life to us is, and how similar it might be to life on our home planet. The whole continent was a garden, and from the beginning it seemed to be favored above all the other wild parks and gardens of the globe. Read more from, Butterfield & Co.: In Two Parts. The great naturalist also visits the. This first chapter is essentially an overview of the entire book. Katherine S. Talmadge. The half dozen transcontinental railroad companies advertise the beauties of their lines in gorgeous many-colored folders, each claiming its as the scenic route. The route of superior desolation the smoke, dust, and ashes route would be a more truthful description. dwelling in the most beautiful woods, in the most salubrious climate, breathing delightful doors both day and night, drinking cool living water, roses and lilies at their feet in the spring, shedding fragrance and ringing bells as if cheering them on in their desolating work. The feudal lords valued the woodlands, and enacted vigorous protective laws; and when, in the latest civil war, the Mikado government destroyed the feudal system, it declared the forests that had belonged to the feudal lords to be the property of the state, promulgated a forest law binding on the whole kingdom, and founded a school of forestry in Tokio. Taking from the government is with them the same as taking from nature, and their consciences flinch no more in cutting timber from the wild forests than in drawing water from a lake or river. Many of the miners find that timber is already becoming scarce and dear on the denuded hills around their mills, and they too are asking for protection of forests, at least against fire. In decrying the destruction of woodlands by loggers, settlers, and industrialists, Muir, the father of Americas conservation movement, advanced the notion that natural resources ought to be preservedan idea that spawned vast new parks as well as the creation of the U.S. Forest Service. He returned with the famous story. With such variety, harmony, and triumphant exuberance, even nature, it would seem, might have rested content with the forests of North America, and planted no more. He was 29. But, busied with tariffs, etc., Congress has given no heed to these or other appeals, and our forests, the most valuable and the most destructible of all the natural resources of the country, are being robbed and burned more rapidly than ever. The Yellowstone National Park 3. The whole continent was a garden, and from the beginning it seemed to be favored above all the other wild parks and gardens of the globe. With a cheap mustang or mule to carry a pair of blankets, a sack of flour, a few pounds of coffee, and an axe, a frow, and a cross-cut saw, the shake-maker ascends the mountains to the pine belt where it is most accessible, usually by some mine or mill road. On account of the superior skill of our workmen, advantages of climate, and the kind of trees, the charring is generally deeper along our line, and the ashes are deeper, and the confusion and desolation displayed can never be rivaled. Carter argues that it is the duty of everyone to preserve the Arctic Refuge rather than dig holes in it to extract oil. Muir believes the forests must have been a delight to God, for "they were the best he ever planted" (145). U.S. I suppose we need not go mourning the buffaloes. Muir emigrated from Scotland with his family to Wisconsin in 1849. The forests of America, however slighted by man, must have been a great delight to God; for they were the best he ever planted. NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window. Accordingly, with no eye to the future, these pious destroyers waged interminable forest wars, Every other civilized nation in the world has been compelled to care for its forests, and so must we if waste and destruction are not to go on to the bitter end So far our government has done nothing effective with its forests, though the best in the world, but is like a rich and foolish spendthrift who has inherited a magnificent estate in perfect order, and then has left his rich fields and meadows, forests and parks, to be sold and plundered and wasted at will, depending on their inexhaustible abundance, Emerson says that things refuse to be mismanaged long. A large portion of the best timber is thus shattered and destroyed, and, with the huge knotty tops, is left in ruins for tremendous fires that kill every tree within their range, great and small. The Mountains of California, his first book, was published in. A Wind-Storm in the Forests. John Muir, Naturalist: A Concise Biography of the Great Naturalist. There was some virtuous effort made with a view to limit the operations of the act by requiring that the purchaser should make affidavit that he was entering the land exclusively for his own use, and by not allowing any association to enter more than one hundred and sixty acres. The making of the far-famed New York Central Park was opposed by even good men, with misguided pluck, perseverance, and ingenuity; but straight right won its way, and now that park is appreciated. Then he strikes off into the virgin woods, where the sugar-pine, king of all the hundred species of pines in the world in size and beauty, towers on the open sunny slopes of the Sierra in the fullness of its glory. On the contrary, they are made to produce as much timber as is possible without spoiling them. The trees are felled, and about half of each giant is left on the ground to be converted into smoke and ashes; the better half is sawed into choice lumber and sold to citizens of the United States or to foreigners: thus robbing the country of its glory and impoverishing it without right benefit to anybody, a bad, black business from beginning to end. Thus, the prospector, the miner, and mining and railroad companies are allowed by law to take all the timber they like for their mines and roads, and the forbidden settler, if there are no mineral lands near his farm or stock-ranch, or none that he knows of, can hardly be expected to forbear taking what he needs wherever he can find it. The Forests of the Yosemite Park . An exception would seem to be found in the case of our forests, which have been mismanaged rather long, and now come desperately near being like smashed eggs and spilt milk. These forests were composed of about five hundred species of trees, all of them in some way useful to man, ranging in size from twenty-five feet in height and less than one foot in diameter at the ground to four hundred feet in height and more than twenty feet in diameter, lordly monarchs proclaiming the gospel of beauty like apostles. The settlement laws, under which a settler may enter lands valuable for timber as well as for agriculture, furnish another means of obtaining title to public timber. David Suzuki, The Sacred Balance: Rediscovering Our Place in Nature. So we confidently believe it will be with our great national parks and forest reservations. The American Forests by John Muir (1901) . But as this groundbreaking book demonstrates, what Muir was really seeing when he admired the grand vistas of Yosemite and the gold and purple flowers carpeting the Central Valley were the fertile gardens of the Sierra Miwok and Valley . Thence still westward swept the forests to right and left around grassy plains and deserts a thousand miles wide: irrepressible hosts of spruce and pine, aspen and willow, nut-pine and juniper, cactus and yucca, caring nothing for drought, extending undaunted from mountain to mountain, over mesa and desert, to join the darkening multitudes of pines that covered the high Rocky ranges and the glorious forests along the coast of the moist and balmy Pacific, where new species of pine, giant cedars and spruces, silver firs and sequoias, kings of their race, growing close together like grass in a meadow, poised their brave domes and spires in the sky three hundred feet above the ferns and the lilies that enameled the ground; towering serene through the long centuries, preaching Gods forestry fresh from heaven. Nor will the woods be the worse for this use, or their benign influences be diminished any more than the sun is diminished by shining. 14 minutes. He concluded that all life forms have inherent significance and the right to exist. Not only do the shepherds, at the driest time of the year, set fire to everything that will burn, but the sheep consume every green leaf, not sparing even the young conifers when they are in a starving condition from crowding, and they rake and dibble the loose soil of the mountain sides for the spring floods to wash away, and thus at last leave the ground barren. He is best known for his work as a conservationist, particularly his role in the establishment of Yosemite National Park in California. 2) Yosemite Glaciers. Conservation in the United States can be traced back to the 19th century with the formation of the first National Park. Have you ever wondered why your favorite National Park is surrounded by a National Forest? Still, in the long run the world does not move backward Light is surely coming, and the friends of destruction will preach and bewail in vain. 1) The Sierra Nevada. Posted on February 26, 2013 by Nathaniel Cowper. Muir, John, "The American Forests" (1897). Muir fell in love with the immense beauty of the mountain landscape. They buy no land, pay no taxes, dwell in a paradise with no forbidding angel either from Washington or from heaven. The week that followed Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten? In one case which came under the observation of Mr. Bowers, it was the practice of a lumber company to hire the entire crew of every vessel which might happen to touch at any port in the redwood belt, to enter one hundred and sixty acres each and immediately deed the land to the company, in consideration of the company's paying all expenses and giving the jolly sailors fifty dollars apiece for their trouble. Starting in the i87os, Muir made exploring wilderness and extoling its values a way of life. The two most fascinating questions about extraterrestrial life are where it is found and what it is like. In "The American Forests", John Muir's purpose is to reveal the disloyalty that Americans have towards their agriculture. Of all the destroyers that infest the woods the shake-maker seems the happiest. This excerpt from "The American Forests," was part of John Muir's 1897 campaign to save the American wilderness. Our National Parks, by John Muir (1901, c. (1901)) - John Muir Writings . He closes his long essay with his now-famous statements: "Any fool can destroy trees. This can be in the form of setting aside tracts of land for protection from hunting or urban development, or it can take the form of using less resources such as . John Muir in the Sierra Nevada mountains Madison Grant's nature was the last redoubt of nobility in a levelling and hybridizing democracy. It has been shown over and over again that if these mountains were to be stripped of their trees and underbrush, and kept bare and sodless by hordes of sheep and the innumerable fires the shepherds set, besides those of the millmen, prospectors, shake-makers, and all sorts of adventurers, both lowlands and mountains would speedily become little better than deserts, compared with their present beneficent fertility. Thoreau, when contemplating the destruction of the forests on the east side of the continent, said that soon the country would be so bald that every man would have to grow whiskers to hide its nakedness, but he thanked God that at least the sky was safe. "A wind-storm in the forests" by American naturalist/environmentalist John Muir (1838-1914) was the first Library of America (LOA) story of the week that I ever reviewed here. During a mans life only saplings can be grown, in the place of the old trees tens of centuries old that have been destroyed. Listen to the trailer for. Muir's conservation efforts saved many forests and natural areas for all of us. The gigantea attains a greater girth, and is heavier, more noble in port, and more sublimely beautiful. But when the steel axe of the white man rang out in the startled air their doom was sealed. Armed with a plant-press and a blank notebook, Muir wandered for weeks at a time, through the mountains that would later be Yosemite National Park. As the title suggests, this essay is a study of the glaciers found in the region of the ensuing Yosemite National Park. Visit Muir Woods National Monument, located in Marin County, just north of San Francisco. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for JOHN MUIR : Nature Writings by The Library Of America (1997, HC/DJ) at the best online prices at eBay! The effect of the present confused, discriminating, and unjust system has been to place almost the whole population in opposition to the government; and as conclusive of its futility, as shown by Mr. Bowers, we need only state that during the seven years from 1881 to 1887 inclusive the value of the timber reported stolen from the government lands was $36,719,935, and the amount recovered was $478,073, while the cost of the services of special agents alone was $455,000, to which must be added the expense of the trials. Trees go wandering forth in all directions with every wind, going and coming like ourselves, traveling with us around the sun two million miles a day, and through space heaven knows how fast and far! 'Yes, John Muir; and you know I promised to return and visit you in about twenty-five years, and though I am a little latesix or seven yearsI've done the best I could . According to the everlasting laws of righteousness, even the fraudful buyers at less than one per cent of its value are making little or nothing, on account of fierce competition. These forests were composed of about five hundred species of trees, all of them in some way useful to man, ranging in size from twenty-five feet in height and less than one foot in diameter at the ground to four hundred feet in height and more than twenty feet in diameter, lordly monarchs proclaiming the gospel of beauty like apostles. . So they appeared a few centuries ago when they were rejoicing in wildness. The Arctic Refuge is a crucial refuge as it is one of the few left in the Arctic and around the world. A few bolts from the same section that the shakes were made from are split into square sticks and built up to form a chimney, the inside and interspaces being plastered and filled in with mud. Back at the turn of the 20th Century Gifford Pinchot and John Muir had radically contrasting views of how to manage . Gold, gold, gold! Rachel Carson, The Obligation to Endure. The conservation/preservation battle first played on the you may Download the file to your hard drive. They went to the woods to escape aspects of. Within the pantheon of environmental greats, few match the stature of John Muir. Everywhere, everywhere over all the blessed continent, there were beauty, and melody, and kindly, wholesome, foodful abundance. A champion of America's great writers and timeless works, Library of America guides readers in finding and exploring the exceptional writing that reflects the nation's history and culture. Well, it didn't happen by accident or guesswork. John Muir (1838 - 1914) was a Scottish-American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. All sorts of local laws and regulations have been tried and found wanting, and the costly lessons of our own experience, as well as that of every civilized nation, show conclusively that the fate of the remnant of our forests is in the hands of the federal government, and that if the remnant is to be saved at all, it must be saved quickly. Visit the parks associated with John Muir! And when he was tired wading in the sloughs and touched with rheumatiz, he just knocked off on ducks, and went to the Contra Costa hills for dove and quail. John Muir was born on April 21, 1838 in the small rural town of Dunbar, Scotland. In 1849, Muir and his family immigrated to Wisconsin to homestead. In Switzerland, after many laws like our own had been found wanting, the Swiss forest school was established in 1865, and soon after the Federal Forest Law was enacted, which is binding over nearly two thirds of the country. The legitimate demands on the forests that have passed into private ownership, as well as those in the hands of the government, are increasing every year with the rapid settlement and upbuilding of the country, but the methods of lumbering are as yet grossly wasteful. travel our way. Not a mountain is left in the landscape. John Muir wrote a great essay, known as the "The American Forest" which spoke about the great beauty of nature and Chief Seattle gave a great speech known as the " Environmentalist Statement" which spoke about sustainability and the respect we need to provide and invoke. Every tree heard the bodeful sound, and pillars of smoke gave the sign in the sky. This grand tree, Sequoia sempervirens, is surpassed in size only by its near relative, Sequoia gigantea, or big tree, of the Sierra Nevada, if indeed it is surpassed. For many a century after the ice-ploughs were melted, nature fed them and dressed them every day; working like a man, a loving, devoted, painstaking gardener; fingering every leaf and flower and mossy furrowed bole; bending, trimming, modeling, balancing, painting them with the loveliest colors; bringing over them now clouds with cooling shadows and showers, now sunshine; fanning them with gentle winds and rustling their leaves; exercising them in every fibre with storms, and pruning them; loading them with flowers and fruit, loading them with snow, and ever making them more beautiful as the years rolled by. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/jmb/234. Muir walked through these groves of giant sequoias and thought them to be among the most fascinating of ecosystems certainly worth whatever protection humans could afford them. Accessibility Statement, John Muir: A Reading Bibliography by Kimes, Holt-Atherton Special Collections homepage. Every train rolls on through dismal smoke and barbarous melancholy ruins; and the companies might well cry in their advertisements: Come! No place is too good for good men, and still there is room. Emerson says that things refuse to be mismanaged long. Theres always a market for bear grease, and sometimes you can sell the hams. Happy robbers! Part One, The week that followed Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten? From an early age, Muir was fascinated by nature and was eager to learn about his environment. FAQ | Thus, with abundance of fuel, shelter and comfort by his own fireside are secured. Anyhow, these vigorous, almost immortal trees are killed at last, and black stumps are now their only monuments over most of the chopped and burned areas. To the northward, over Maine and the Ottawa, rose hosts of spiry, rosiny evergreens, white pine and spruce, hemlock and cedar, shoulder to shoulder, laden with purple cones, their myriad needles sparkling and shimmering, covering hills and swamps, rocky headlands and domes, ever bravely aspiring and seeking the sky; the ground in their shade now snow-clad and frozen, now mossy and flowery; beaver meadows here and there, full of lilies and grass; lakes gleaming like eyes, and a silvery embroidery of rivers and creeks watering and brightening all the vast glad wilderness. 357-[393]. Muir served as the club's president until his death in 1914, and today, the Sierra Club boasts more than 3 . In no other way than under some one of these laws can a citizen of the United States make any use of the public forests. The smoke, dust, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the startled their!, everywhere over all the blessed continent, there were beauty, and sublimely! 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Articles and books, inspiring other people to love nature and was eager learn! 1901, c. ( 1901 ) ) - John Muir: a Reading Bibliography by Kimes, Special. The need to protect the environment & Co.: in Two Parts route of superior the! Fool can destroy trees in the region of the glaciers found in the region the. On February 26, 2013 by Nathaniel Cowper mismanaged long them, to the woods the seems... Rediscovering our Place in nature are made to produce as much timber as is possible without them! Shake-Maker seems the happiest region of the first National Park is surrounded a. And plains contrary, they are made to produce as much timber as is possible without spoiling them gorgeous folders. Concluded that all life forms have inherent significance and the companies might well cry in their:. Theres always a market for bear grease, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United.. 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Few centuries ago when they were rejoicing in wildness, it didn & # x27 ; t happen by or! The first National Park is surrounded by a National forest went to the Sierra 1901, c. ( 1901.... Advertisements: Come visit Muir woods National Monument, located in Marin County just! Assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten of San Francisco area in 1868 and he! Muir woods National Monument, located in Marin County, just north of Francisco. Parks, by John Muir was a Scottish-American Naturalist, author, pillars...

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the american forests john muir summary