Another study in Monascus sp. It absorbs all visible wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum, hence its dark coloration, and, most notably, converts and dissipates potentially harmful ultraviolet radiation into heat. Fungal melanins are negatively charged, hydrophobic pigments of high molecular weight formed by oxidative polymerization from phenolic and/or indolic compounds, such as glutaminyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzene (GDHB) or catechol or 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). 2 (April 1961): 440-41,https://doi.org/10.2307/1932103. Taken alongside evidence that bacteria that produce pyomelanin, a cousin to melanin, thrive in soil contaminated with uranium,26and the findings that exposure to ionizing radiation actually promotes the growth of certain melanized fungal species inhabiting nuclear reactors, space stations, and the Antarctic mountains, it seems plausible that melanin allows certain organisms to eat radiation.27A study published inPLOSONErevealed that melanin-containing fungal cells saw increased growth relative to nonmelanized cells after exposure to ionizing radiation and that the irradiated melanin from these fungi also changed its electronic properties, which the study noted raised intriguing questions about a potential role for melanin in energy capture and utilization.28. Gerald H. Pollack, Xavier Figueroa, and Qing Zhao, Molecules, Water, andRadiant Energy: New Clues for the Origin of Life,International Journal ofMolecular Sciences10, no. It has been reported the use of melanin, a biopolymer with good biocompatibility and biodegradability, intrinsic photo-acoustic properties, binding ability to drugs, and chelating property to radioactive metal ions, as an efficient endogenous nanosystem for imaging-guided chemotherapy [152]. Medical treatments using radiation such as external beam radiation therapy for cancer patients can damage bone marrow resulting in debilitating side effects. It has been reported that the iron-melanin coating markedly enhances the catalytic activity of the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for both the hydrogen peroxide electroreduction and hydrogen evolution reaction [135]. In the Ascomycota fungi, melanin pigment is generally synthesized from the pentaketide pathway in which 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) is the immediate precursor of the polymer, as described by Bell and Wheeler [11] based on genetic and biochemical evidence obtained from Verticillium dahliae and W. dermatitidis [84, 85]. 9 (November 2012): 570-76,https://doi.org/10.1089/cbr.2012.1318. However, M. purpureus was not able to grow in media containing peptone, and a maximum yield of the pigment was achieved when the media were supplemented with yeast extract (1%) and monosodium glutamate (5%) as nitrogen source [41]. The albatross, for instance, is capable of traveling 10,000 miles in a single flight, a bioenergetic feat that has long baffled the scientific community. The pigment production capability of fungal species belonging to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Epicoccum, Lecanicillium, and Fusarium was evaluated in different culture media, and the results showed that the complex media, as potato dextrose (PD) and malt extract (ME), favored increased pigment production [47]. This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion of the research on fungal melanin, including the recently discovered biological activities and the potential use of this pigment for various biotechnological applications in the fields of biomedicine, dermocosmetics, materials science, and nanotechnology. Carbon and nitrogen are necessary for cellular metabolism, and these sources are related to the formation of biomass, the type produced pigment, and the yield of the desired substance. 50% Discount on the Remaining Status Law Classes NOT on Patreon! One partial explanation for its seeming supernatural capability is that the animals pecten, which is found enlarged in migrating birds who are subject to stressors such as hunger, thirst, hypoxia, and gravity, help the albatross contend with the elements by mediating the melanin-driven conversion of light to metabolic energy. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Vittorio Brena Back To Tokyo / Yesenia. First published October 15, 2009. The ability to use melanin to absorbelectromagnetic radiationand utilize its energy to dissociate the water molecules in our bodies (producing what Gerald Pollack says amounts to a light-energy driven proton pump)22may have reduced the energy expenditure required for hunting and foraging food. Research on the melanin-rich intraocular organ pecten in birds explains many phenomena that have eluded scientific explanation, including avian metabolism, bioenergetics, and flight mechanics, and gives us clues about our own bodies ability to use melanin for the purposes of energy. Owing to their ability to increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, the melanin is also useful as carriers for other therapeutic agents, which must reach brain tissue to produce their therapeutic responses [144]. The production of devices based on thin film melanin exhibited electrical conductivity comparable to that of amorphous silicon [130]. In Melanin, the Master Molecule, researchers summarize several decades worth of knowledge on melanin and its physicochemical properties. About the author. There are 5 things that the Pineal gland is responsible for: Inner Eye The use of corn cob powder as a substrate for production of pigments by M. purpureus resulted in greater pigment production [68] than other substrates, as jackfruit seed [69], corn steep liquor [70], and grape waste [71]. The Pineal gland is the first gland developed in your body, and appears in homo-sapiens a mere 3 weeks after conception. They also showed that further improvement of conductivity together with an increased absorption in the NIR region, by doping the synthetic melanin macromolecule, could make this material a good candidate for optical sensing applications. Dopaquinone, a highly reactive intermediate, forms leucodopachrome, which is then oxidized to dopachrome. 68 pages, Paperback. WebIn his book The Science & Myth of Melanin Dr. Timothy Moore states that Melanin is more than just a pigment and is found many areas of the body besides the skin. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. Studies have shown that synthetic melanin-like nanoparticles complexed with paramagnetic Fe3+ ions have potential as a highly efficient and nontoxic contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging instead of Gd3+-based contrast agents, which can cause nephrotoxicity [136]. The melanin can also function as a carrier for nerve growth factor due to the ability to get nerve growth factor across the blood-brain barrier, and this is the major advantage over conventional therapy. In the context, we hope that the information in this book will be useful and will encourage a greater number of researches on fungal melanin, which might be useful to deploy innovative and sustainable solutions for human health and the environment. The incorporation of the melanin in solid plastic films of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-melanin film system) to be used in conjunction with other plastics to make laminated sheets or lenses, including sunglasses, ski goggles, ophthalmic prescription lenses, helmets, windows, light filters for artificial lighting, and other light filters that protect people from potentially damaging UV and high-energy visible light has also been reported [141]. The first known organic semiconductor,15it is a black substance prominent in eyes, skin, hair, scales, and feathers, and it can also be found in the mammalian central nervous system. Studies have demonstrated that the promoting or repressing effect of a nitrogen source on pigment production is strain dependent. Recent studies have demonstrated that, in addition to the ability of transferring electrons arising under the action of radiation, melanin also possesses ionic conductivity due to its ability to transform any type of radiation energy not only into heat but also use it for the maintenance of redox processes in cells [118]. In species of Monascus, the pH influences the yield and quality of the produced pigment, with the highest red pigment excretion and production at alkaline pH [51, 52]. The presence of unpaired electrons in the melanin structure is responsible for various properties, including antioxidant, semiconductor, optical, electronic, and radio- and photoprotective [19]. I) by Carol Barnes Melanin: The Organizing Molecule Berkley CA: Institute for the Study of Consciousnesses (Thesis) Message To The Blackman in America by Elijah Muhammad Metu Neter Vol. Melanins present interesting optoelectronic properties, such as high optical absorption in the UV-Vis range, good transmission electronic, and ionic conductivity appreciably, pointing this biomaterial as a promising active component in organic electronic devices with low environmental impact [118, 121, 125127]. 23. Synthetic melanin thin films deposited by spray-coating presented features ascribed to an amorphous semiconducting material [134]. [113] reported that treatment of macrophages activated in vitro with melanin from the fungus F. pedrosoi inhibited the production of nitric oxide and Th1 cytokines. However, some species of this class, including Cladosporium resinae, Epicoccum nigrum, Hendersonula toruloidea, Eurotium echinulatum, Humicola grisea, and Hypoxylon archeri, do not produce this type of pigment [11, 28, 8688]. Figure1 shows a general model for fungal dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthesis. However, it is known that for the success of microbial fermentation processes, it is necessary to choose the correct productive culture strain and to determine the appropriate cultivation conditions [4, 8, 36]. WebThe book features nearly all unknown secrets. This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion of the research on fungal melanin, including the recently discovered biological activities and the potential use of this pigment for various biotechnological applications in the fields of biomedicine, dermocosmetics, materials science, and nanotechnology. Radionuclide contamination also led to a change in fungal communities, with an increased proportion of melanized fungi. 26. C. neoformans, a pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast, is known to synthesize DOPA-melanin when o-diphenolic compounds, such as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, are present in the culture medium. These nutrients may regulate the expression of genes of interest and activate important metabolic pathways for the production of pigments [45, 58, 59]. This book is designed to familiarize the reader with Melanin and its chemical key to life and ALL living things, memory processes, ancient African history, sunlight, music, dancing, anti-aging, anti-cancer, religion, electromagnetism, and any other scientific and cultural parameters. 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It has been reported that various types of peptone, used as a nitrogen source, are able to promote an increase in the production of pigments in many species of fungi [55, 59, 62, 63]. Melanin pigment of Fonsecaea pedrosoi has antioxidant potential by reducing Fe(III) to Fe(II), ensuring the balance of its redox chemical microenvironment and minimizing the effect of oxidation of fundamental structures on fungal growth [104]. Another study of the biocompatibility of melanin thin films demonstrated that the melanin film effectively supports the growth of undifferentiated stem cells and their differentiation into neuronal precursors and neurons [146]. WebMAGICKAL HOODOO VOODOO HEALING SUPERFOODS. Mice treated with melanin-coated nanoparticles have higher white blood cell and platelet counts than control mice after radiation treatment [117]. It has been reported that melanin contributes for virulence of C. neoformans, protecting the pathogen against free radicals generated immunologically [29]. In Melanin, the Master Molecule, researchers summarize several decades worth of knowledge on melanin and its physicochemical properties. The probable mechanisms of radioprotection by melanin appear to be modulated in pro-survival pathways, immune system, and prevention of oxidative stress. 16. Pseudomonas requires 3536C for its growth and pigment production, while in Monascus purpureus, maximum pigment production was observed at 30C with a reduction of the yield at 37C [48]. In a recent study, our group characterized the pigment produced by A. nidulans mutants as DOPA-melanin according to the results obtained with specific inhibitors of DHN- and DOPA-melanin pathways [93]. WebThe book features nearly all unknown secrets. Research on the melanin-rich intraocular organ pecten in birds explains many phenomena that have eluded scientific explanation, including avian metabolism, bioenergetics, and flight mechanics, and gives us clues about our own bodies ability to use melanin for the purposes of energy. Melanin pigment extracted from several fungal species has shown the ability to scavenge free radicals (reactive nitrogen and oxygen species), becoming a potential natural antioxidant. Feb 19, 2023. 20. Melanin has also been used to treat various types of malignant cancer tumors, disorders of the immune system including AIDS, diseases of blood origin and disorders due to the disturbances in cell homeostasis, and complex and hardly curable mental disorders (schizophrenia, epilepsy) involving nervous and other regulatory systems. In this study, we demonstrated that this melanin pigment did not induce gene mutations in different strains of Salmonella typhimurium used in the Ames assay. on February 23, 2016, THIS WORK HAS BEEN BANNED EVERYWHERE/ SAVE IT - PRINT - SPREAD FOR. Melanin films also induced an inflammation response that was comparable to silicone implants in vivo, and the implants were significantly resorbed after 8 weeks. It has taken me 10 years of heavy research and application to be able to bring you this information. 1 (2015): 32-41,https://doi.org/10.2174/1871524915666150203093656. These results indicate that corn steep liquor contains substances that stimulate the synthesis of pigment and it represents a low-cost fermentation medium for large-scale production of the pigment melanin by MEL1 mutant for future industrial applications [74]. It has been reported that substances acting as antioxidants protect cells from ROS-mediated DNA damage, which can result in mutation and subsequent carcinogenesis. However, melanin has been observed to have other functions such as neuroprotection and energy production. We also showed that the toxicity of A. nidulans melanin on mouse fibroblast McCoy cell line, after metabolic activation with hepatic S9 microsomal fraction, was much lesser (CI50 = 413.4 3.1 g/mL) than known cytotoxic agents such as cyclophosphamide (CI50 = 15 1.2 g/mL). An ideal pigment-producing microorganism should be capable of using a wide range of C and N sources; must be tolerant to pH, temperature, and minerals concentration; and must give reasonable pigments yield. It has taken me 10 years of heavy research and application to be able to bring you this information. Studies have shown that melanin of zoopathogenic and phytopathogenic fungi is essential for their parasitizing, due to its antioxidant properties [101]. Owing to its semiconductor property, melanin becomes a promising material for organic bioelectronic devices like transistors, sensors, and batteries [121]. Watch on QUALIFIED IMMUNITY PACKAGES POLICE STOP/ LAW & GOV FLASHCARDS (PSFC) & (LGFC) In particular, it can be considered a promising material for sensors and photovoltaic devices, due to broadband spectral absorbance and charge transport properties [128]. How? In A. nidulans strains, one tyrosinase was identified as the enzyme responsible for the production of melanin pigment, based on its substrate specificity (DOPA substrate) and susceptibility to inhibitors [91, 92]. It has been reported that melanin protects melanocytes and keratinocytes from the induction of DNA strand broken by hydrogen peroxide, indicating that this pigment also has an important antioxidant role in the skin [107]. Some studies have proposed that fungal melanin exhibits anti-radiation activity in vivo and in vivo and then could be explored as a probable radioprotector [16, 115]. 100% Health cracked, 100% Universal Laws (operating here cracked, how to take advantage), In 100% describes Biblical Law of Jesus Christ which operates in this reality and leads Researches support that the pH of the medium also affects the growth of fungi and type of pigment produced. But this evolutionary adjustment may have come at a significant cost. This book, is designed to familiarize the Black Human with Melanin and its importance to life, memory processes, ancient African history, sunlight, music, dancing, anti-aging, anti-cancer, religion, electromagnetism, and any other scientific and cultural parameters. Llaila O. Afrika. Llaila O. Afrika. 19. In literature, studies have confirmed that fungal melanin acts as metal chelators, enhancing the biomass-metal interaction and consequently its biosorption capacity [14]. Melanin in cell walls of Basidiomycotina is derived from phenolic precursors, as glutaminyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzene (GDHB) or catechol. Study conducted by [154] showed that a melanin-rich strain of the fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides biosorbed 2.5- to 4-fold more Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb ion than non-melanic Penicillium digitatum. pheomelanin. $33.33. We observed that, in the presence of 0.2% corn steep liquor, an increase in the pigment production occurred, while a high yield of biomass was obtained at a concentration of 2%. Watch on QUALIFIED IMMUNITY PACKAGES POLICE STOP/ LAW & GOV FLASHCARDS (PSFC) & (LGFC) Experimental evidences indicate that the growth temperature influences the performance of the pigment production process, but this effect depends on the type of organism. Polymerization of exogenous substrates in this fungus occurs under the action of laccase [19]. This workis reproduced and distributedwith the permission of GreenMedInfo LLC. Print length 103 pages Language English Publisher Lushena Books Publication date Production of the microbial pigments is one of the emerging fields of research due to a growing interest of the industry for safer products, easily degradable and eco-friendly. on the Internet. The evolutionary reason, however, is hard to pin down. Some fungal species produce a dark-brown pigment, known as melanin, by oxidative polymerization of phenolic compounds, such as glutaminyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzene (GDHB) or catechol or 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). This book is designed to familiarize the reader with Melanin and its chemical key to life and ALL living things, memory processes, ancient African history, sunlight, music, dancing, anti-aging, anti-cancer, religion, electromagnetism, and any other scientific and cultural parameters. IV, Computational Cell Biology: v. 20 (Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics), Methods and Tools for Collaborative Networked Organizations. In our studies, it was noted that no melanin pigment production takes place during stationary cultivation of hypermelanized mutant (MEL1) from A. nidulans, indicating that the formation of this pigment involves the oxidative polymerization of the precursors [50]. Impressively, however, 90 percent of the mice that had been given melanin-richmushroomsor white mushrooms supplemented with melanin survived.29. There are 5 things that the Pineal gland is responsible for: Inner Eye I) by Carol Barnes Melanin: The Organizing Molecule Berkley CA: Institute for the Study of Consciousnesses (Thesis) Message To The Blackman in America by Elijah Muhammad Metu Neter Vol. 15. Other studies have demonstrated the potential application of the melanized fungi for the removal of radionuclides and heavy metals from aqueous solutions, providing an alternative means to affect cleanup of industrial effluent [16, 120, 160164]. The melanin pigment is not essential for fungal development, but it has been reported to act as fungal armor due to its ability to protect the microorganisms from harmful environmental conditions. As explained in a paper published inMedical Hypothesesby retired medical practitioner Iain Mathewson, new research on low-level light therapy, also known as photobiomodulation, may explain the immediate benefit conferred by hairlessness, as it shows that exposure to the red and near-infrared radiation found at sunset increases mitochondrial respiratory chain activity and results in extra synthesis of ATP in all superficial tissuesites, including those of the brain.21Under Mathewsons hypothesis, a random mutation for hairlessness occurring in one of our African forebearers millions of years ago would have conferred an immediate survival advantage over her hairy relatives by enabling her body, especially her brain, to access the red and near-infrared wavelengths generated by ancient sunsets. It was assumed that melanin pigments, participating in redox reactions, are able to perceive the energy of radiation (UV, visible light, and radiation) and convert it into useful reducing power for metabolic processes. Print length 103 pages Language English Publisher Lushena Books Publication date Zhurnal63, no. The study performed by [114] showed that the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene decreased and lower levels of cytokines, such as IL-12 and TNF-, were observed when activated macrophages were incubated with melanized cells of the Fonsecaea monophora fungus. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As melanin has characteristics of functional materials and bioorganic, a growing number of researchers in the fields of materials science and organic electronics see the melanin with great interest, taking advantage of their properties for applications in organic electronic devices. The melanin-mediated nanostructures with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against food pathogens may be considered suitable for many practical food packaging applications because they can effectively inhibit the growth of pathogens and increase the shelf life of packed food products [124]. $33.33. In general, this pigment is located in the outermost layer of the cell wall associated with chitin (referred as cell wall-bound melanin), but in some fungi, melanin can also be found outside the fungal cell, usually in the form of granules in culture fluids [10]. From trees to flowers to food to energy you will find this one extremely rare. These authors also studied the culture of C. cladosporioides in different growth times and found that a culture grown for two days is not pigmented and has only 34% of Cd adsorption rate that obtained for pigmented biomass after 4 days of growth [155]. Hairlessness would have increased our ability to produce vitamin D, an essential component for neurological development and the neuroplasticity and interconnectivity essential for intelligencenot to mention for the stability of our entire genome. Fungi constitute a valuable source of pigments because they are capable of producing high yields of the substance in the cheap culture medium, making the bioprocess economically viable on the industrial scale. In the black yeast Hortaea werneckii, it was observed that rice bran acts as the cheapest source for increased production of melanin by than wheat bran and coconut cake [72]. A study performed with melanin nanoparticles as biocompatible drug nanocarriers, using metronidazole (antibiotic drug), showed that melanin could be a very interesting nanocarrier drug release device because it strongly responds to pH, being a very interesting feature for the treatment of intestine and colon diseases, which would greatly benefit with pH targeting [142]. The presence of melanin in the cell wall is also correlated with enhanced virulence of parasitic fungi, as Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Sporothrix schenckii, and Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis [17, 20, 21]. The answer may be found in an article published in theJournalof Alternative and Complementary Medicine, in which Geoffrey Goodman and Dani Bercovich hypothesize that melanin may account for the reduction in body hair that occurred 2 million years ago, in an evolutionary trade-off that exchanged the endothermically protective coat of hair for the benefits conferred by melanin-mediated harvesting ofsunlight. WebTHE GREAT BOOK OF MELANIN RESEARCH!!! Introductory Chapter: Melanin, a Versatile Guardia Department of Biochemistry and Technology Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP, So Paulo State University, Araraquara, So Paulo, Brazil, Institute of Naturals and Exacts Sciences, UFMT, Mato Grosso Federal University, Rondonopolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UFES, Espirito Santo Federal University, Vitria, Espirito Santo, Brazil. The rapid expansion of our speciess brain volume, known as encephalization, occurred at the same time as the adaptive event of human hair loss, around 2 million years ago. Radicals generated immunologically [ 29 ] exhibited electrical conductivity comparable to that of amorphous [... 2012 ): 32-41, https: //doi.org/10.2307/1932103 intermediate, forms leucodopachrome which! Is derived from phenolic precursors, as glutaminyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzene ( GDHB ) or catechol generated immunologically [ 29.... 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