Joining the Royal Niger Company in 1894, Lugard was sent to Borgu to counter inroads made by the French, and in 1897 he was made responsible for raising the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) from local levies to serve under British officers. Its final leg enabled it to meet another line, constructed 19071911, running from Baro, through Minnia, to Kano. [73] An estimated 500,000 Nigerians would lose their lives due to the pandemic, severely decreasing production capabilities on Nigerian farms and plantations. At the turn of the century, top wages were four bags of salt (company retail price, 3s 9d) for a month of work. Antrobus, Fiddes and Strachey in the Colonial Office promoted amalgamation, along with Lugard. Three of these posts were assigned to representatives from each region, and one was reserved for a delegate from the Northern Cameroons. Significantly, Macauley's NNDP remained almost entirely a Lagos party, popular only in the area whose people already had experience in elective politics. Colonization of Nigeria. [65], Half of all taxes went to the colonial government and half went to the Native Treasury. Economic links among the regions increased, but indirect rule tended to discourage political interchange. The most powerful figure in the party was Ahmadu Bello, the Sardauna of Sokoto. RESISTANCE. [52], The territory of the Royal Niger Company became the Northern Nigeria Protectorate, and the Company itself became a private corporation which continued to do business in Nigeria. A constabulary force was raised and used to pacify the coastal area. The British took an interest in Nigeria because of its resources. The first missions were opened by the Church of England's Church Missionary Society (CMS). This was used for Britain's main purpose of taking control of the region. Nigeria's potential in the Post-Colonial Era. The basic economic units in each town were "houses", family-operated entities that engendered loyalty for its employees. [42], The British had difficulty conquering Igboland, which lacked a central political organisation. Other firms applying for licenses were rejected. The women's protest of 1929 marked an apex in women's resistance in eastern Nigeria to colonial rule. Frequently African armies of 20, 000 were defeated by European-led armies of 2,000 or less. Retrieved October 11, 2014 from. "John Beecroft, 17901854: Her Brittanic Majesty's Consul to the Bights of Benin and Biafra 18491854". The approaches of the two men to colonial development were diametrically opposed. Protestant sects had flourished in Christianity since the Protestant Reformation; the emergence of independent Christian churches in Nigeria (as of black denominations in the United States) was another phase of this history. In May of this year, Herbert J. [81] In 1936, of 6,259,547 income for the Nigerian state, 1,156,000 went back to England as home pay for British officials in the Nigerian civil service. The British finalized the border between Nigeria and French West Africa with the Anglo-French Convention of 1898. [11][12], In 1900, the British Government assumed control of the Southern and Northern Protectorates, both of which were ultimately governed by the Colonial Office at Whitehall. Focusing on Britain and Africa, this looks at the growth of anti-colonial resistance and opposition to racism in the prelude to the post-colonial era. Beecroft agreed on condition that the slave trade be abolished, and British merchants have a monopoly in commodities. ", Tamuno, T. N. (1970). The CMS initially promoted Africans to responsible positions in the mission field; for instance, they appointed Samuel Ajayi Crowther as the first Anglican Bishop of the Niger. The conference drafted the terms of a new constitution. The British, when faced with dissent, tended to grant political reforms in an effort to dispel the attractiveness of more-radical . Individuals could be fined or jailed for refusing to comply.[12]. In consideration of the foregoing, the said National African Company (Limited) bind themselves not to interfere with any of the native laws or customs of the country, consistently with the maintenance of order and good government [and] agree to pay native owners of land a reasonable amount for any portion they may require. But in the 1700s, the Bight of Benin (also known as the Slave Coast) became the next most important hub. Support for broad Nigerian concerns occupied a clear second place. The Eastern region was dominated by Azikiwe and the Western one by Chief Obafemi Awolowo, a Yoruba lawyer who in 1950 founded the Action Group. "Nigerian Forces Comforts Fund, 19401947: 'The Responsibility of the Nigerian Government to Provide Funds for the Welfare of Its Soldiers'. [67], The Colonial Office, where Lugard was still held in high regard, accepted that changes might be due in the south, but it forbade fundamental alteration of procedures in the north. opposed early self-rule for colonial Nigeria on the ground of perceived domination by the southerners. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1719. The colony was created through the consolidation of the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. The Anglicans and other religious groups had a conscious "native church" policy to develop indigenous ecclesiastical institutions to become independent of Europeans. The officers of the RWAFF were British. [72] In the south, he saw the possibility of building an elite educated in schools modelled on a European method (and numerous elite children attended high-ranking colleges in Britain during the colonial years). By a British Act of Parliament, Nigeria became independent on 1 October 1960. The cleavage between the Yoruba and the Igbo was accentuated by their competition for control of the political machinery. Hogendorn. The Niger Delta and Calabar, which once had been known for the export of slaves, became notable for the export of palm oil. The exploitation of the women's work led to resistance movements and led the women to develop more political awareness and engage in and aid existing decolonization movements. Under the Political Department of the Civil Service were Residents and District Officers, responsible for overseeing operations in each region. Native Administration was responsible for police, hospitals, public works and local courts. In 1950 Aminu Kano, who had been instrumental in founding the NPC, broke away to form the Northern Elements Progressive Union (NEPU), in protest against the NPC's limited objectives and what he regarded as a vain hope that traditional rulers would accept modernization. Although lacking Azikiwe's compelling personality, Awolowo was a formidable debater as well as a vigorous and tenacious political campaigner. The . This video gives a detailed explanation of Colonial rule in Africa, as it answers the questions: Why did Europeans colonize africa? Much of the human trafficking which occurred there was nominally illegal, and records from this time and place are not comprehensive. Although he reported on the eastward flow of the Niger, he was forced to turn back when his equipment was lost to Muslim Arab slave traders. It backed Yoruba irredentism in the Fulani-ruled emirate of Ilorin in the Northern Region, and separatist movements among non-Igbo in the Eastern Region. [] These intermediaries assisted government diplomacy and helped to establish and maintain relations between the company and the traditional rulers. Read suggested they be merged, and more use made of Nigeria's natural resources. One continues to wonder how a national history could be attained 1. A third of the people associated with an 1842 riverine expedition died. In the 1850s, quinine had been found to combat malaria, and aided by the medicine, a Liverpool merchant, Macgregor Laird, opened the river. The Emirs and chiefs who are appointed will rule over the people as of old-time and take such taxes as are approved by the High Commissioner, but they will obey the laws of the Governor and will act in accordance with the advice of the Resident. During World War II, Awolowo reorganized it as a predominantly Yoruba political party, the Action Group. By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it ended slavery in its possessions. Progressive constitutions after World War II provided for increasing representation and electoral government by Nigerians. ", Helen Chapin Metz, ed. For example, many people in Ibadan opposed Awolowo on personal grounds because of his identification with the Ijebu Yoruba. [72] In line with this attitude, he rejected Lugard's proposal for moving the capital from Lagos, the stronghold of the elite in whom he placed so much confidence for the future. In the south, by contrast, traditional rulers were employed as vehicles of indirect rule in Edoland and Yorubaland, but Christianity and Western education undermined their sacerdotal functions. . Although there was strong resistance from natives against the British, it was all crushed by the British. took careful account of Islam and avoided any appearance of a challenge to traditional values that might incite resistance to British rule. Alienated by the anonymity of the urban environment and drawn together by ties to their ethnic homelandsas well as by the need for mutual aidthe new city dwellers formed local clubs that later expanded into federations covering whole regions. [18], In 1807, the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted the Slave Trade Act, prohibiting British subjects from participating in the Atlantic slave trade. The government was responsible to a Parliament composed of the popularly elected 312-member House of Representatives and the 44-member Senate, chosen by the regional legislatures. With one man in practical control of the Executive and Legislative organs of all the parts, the machine may work passably for sufficient time to enable the transition period to be left behind, by which time the answer to the problemUnitary v. Federal Statewill probably have become clear. Asante Resistance (Ghana) 6. In the 1700s, the British Empire and other European powers had settlements and forts in West Africa but had not yet established the full-scale plantation colonies which existed in the Americas. The company's major imports to the area included gin and low-quality firearms. The trend was toward the establishment of a parliamentary system of government, with regional assemblies and a federal House of Representatives. One 1885 treaty read: We, the undersigned King and Chiefs [] with the view to the bettering of the condition of our country and people, do this day cede to the National Africa Company (Limited), their heirs and assigns, forever, the whole of our territory [] We also give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to settle all native disputes arising from any cause whatever, and we pledge ourselves not to enter into any war with other tribes without the sanction of the said National Africa Company (Limited). In the name of liberating the Igbos from the Aro Confederacy, the British launched the Anglo-Aro War of 19011902. But the history of Nigerian demands for greater representation go back to the 1920s. The Delta streams were called "oil rivers". Elliot J. Berg, "The Development of a Labour Force in Sub-Saharan Africa"; France sold Louisiana to the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Military history of Nigeria during World War II, National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons, discovery and exploitation of petroleum deposits, "The Nigeria (Constitution) Order in Council, 1954", "Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs' town ruined by the British", A Very Bloody Transaction: Old Calabar and the Massacre of 1767, The Impact of the Slave Trade on African Economies, "Managing Epidemic: The British Approach to 19181919 Influenza in Lagos", "The Nigerian Victory Against The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and 1897 Smallpox Epidemic", "African Pentecostalism and the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: The Supernatural Amid the Fearful and Implications for the COVID-19 Pandemic", "The influenza pandemic of 191819 and the spread of cassava cultivation on the lower Niger: a study in historical linkages", Google Cultural Institute: Birth of the Nigerian Colony, 18511914, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_Nigeria&oldid=1136412842. Samori Ture 7. [50] In the same year, the British created the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF or WAFF), under the leadership of Colonel Frederick Lugard. Park reached the upper Niger the next year by travelling inland from the Gambia River. Following the defeat of an unsuccessful foray by Consul General James R. Phillips, a larger retaliatory force captured Benin City and drove Ovonramwen, the Oba of Benin, into exile. The pulpits of the independent congregations became avenues for the free expression of critics of colonial rule. Du Bois. The National Youth Movement used nationalist rhetoric to agitate for improvements in education. Robin Hermann, "Empire Builders and Mushroom Gentlemen: The Meaning of Money in Colonial Nigeria". Subsequent revisions contained in the Lyttleton Constitution, enacted in 1954, firmly established the federal principle and paved the way for independence. 1960-1966: Early diplomatic relations. In the 1920s, Nigerians began to form a variety of associations, such as professional and business associations, like the Nigerian Union of Teachers; the Nigerian Law Association, which brought together lawyers, many of whom had been educated in Britain; and the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association, led by Obafemi Awolowo. The British answered this activity by attempting to create a more representational colonial system. At the urging of Governor Frederick Lugard, the two territories were amalgamated as the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, while maintaining considerable regional autonomy among the three major regions (Northern protectorate, Southern protectorate and the Colony of Lagos). [75] The colonial government was not equipped nor ready in general for such a situation. Among the problems needing attention before the British would grant full independence was the minorities fear of discrimination by a future government based on majority ethnic groups. Direct taxation on men was introduced in 1928 without major incidents. The Resident also oversaw a Provincial Court at the region's capital. The traders suffered from the risks of their position and believed they were at the mercy of the coastal rulers, whom they considered unpredictable. Political activists in the southern areas spoke of self-government in terms of educational opportunities and economic development. [19] Although the Ijebu had some weapons they were wiped out by British Maxims, the earliest machine gun. The economy suffered from the decline in the slave trade, although considerable smuggling of slaves to the Americas continued for years afterward. Introduction. Effects/Impact of Colonialism on Nigeria 1. How did British keep Nigerians from developing organized political resistance. Lugard informed the leaders of conquered Sokoto: The Fulani in old times [] conquered this country. In the year 1901, Nigeria officially became a part of the huge British Empire. In fact, while the southern delegates pressed for The experiment began in 1890 and was repealed in 1939,[71]. A new constitution was created in 1922 under British colonial rule, largely due to Nigerian calls for reform. Acephalous . [45], A campaign against the Sokoto Caliphate began in 1900 with the creation of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, under the direction of Governor Lugard. Under Goldie's direction, the Royal Niger Company was instrumental in depriving France and Germany of access to the region. In 1886, Taubman secured a royal charter and his company became the Royal Niger Company. Dike, K. O. Though the Europeans possess many considerable settlements both upon the coast of Africa and in the East Indies, they have not yet established in either of those countries such numerous and thriving colonies as those in the islands and continent of America. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991. Although the capital was not moved, Lugard's bias in favour of the Muslim north was clear at the time. British soap and cosmetics manufacturers tried to obtain land concessions for growing oil palms, but these were refused. The British entry into World War I saw the confiscation of Nigerian palm oil firms operated by expatriates from the Central Powers. Colonialism is defined as "control by one power over a dependent area or people.". Britain outlawed slavery in 1807 and pushed for forms of "legitimate commerce" such as palm oil and cotton, and in so doing developed an internal infrastructure to facilitate these markets. I will be dealing almost exclusively with the areas of East and Central Africa - Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe - where a more or less coherent debate can be seen. During the war, union membership increased sixfold to 30,000. From 1790 to 1807, predominantly British slave traders purchased 1,0002,000 slaves each year in Lagos alone. . Nigeria did not come into being until 1914, when the consort of a colonial Governor-General, Flora Shaw and her man, the fascist Lord Lugard willed and named Nigeria into being, with the dubious . The Macpherson constitution, promulgated in 1951, provided for a central House of Representatives, but friction between the central and regional legislatures, related to the question of where supreme party authority lay, soon caused a breakdown. Men such as Balewa believed that only by overcoming political and economic backwardness could the NPC protect the foundations of traditional northern authority against the influence of the more advanced south. By extending the elective principle and by providing for a central government with a Council of Ministers, the Macpherson Constitution gave renewed impetus to party activity and to political participation at the national level. After the defection of Kano, the only significant disagreement within the NPC was related to moderates. The emirs retained their caliphate titles but were responsible to British district officers, who had final authority. Demanding immediate self-government, the Action Group was opposed by the Northern Peoples Congress (NPC), which was composed largely of northerners and headed by several leaders, including Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Nigeria Table of Contents. [72], The Influenza pandemic made its way to the port of Lagos by September 1918 by way of a number of ships including the SS Panayiotis, the SS Ahanti, and the SS Bida. They never were able to elect sizeable legislative delegations, but they served as a means of public expression for minority concerns. [64], Each region also had a Native Administration, staffed by locals, and possessing a Native Treasury. After the British government assumed direct control of the Royal Niger Companys territories, the northern areas were renamed the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, and the land in the Niger delta and along the lower reaches of the river was added to the Niger Coast Protectorate, which was renamed the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. To be sure, there were widespread resistances against colonial rule, which include the 'Abd al-Qadir led resistance against the French in Algeria, the Asante King (Prempeh I) led revolt against British colonialists in Ghana, the Maji Maji revolt in Tanganyika, the Ndebele rebellions in Rhodasia, the Ijebu Kingdom and the Opobo resistances in . Critics, including representatives of the Middle Belt who resented Muslim domination, were relegated to small, peripheral parties or to inconsequential separatist movements.[85]. By 1938 the NYM was agitating for dominion status within the British Commonwealth of Nations so that Nigeria would have the same status as Canada and Australia. Revolutionary Mahdism and resistance to colonial rule in the Sokoto Caliphate, 1905-6 / by Paul E. Lovejoy and J.S. [17] Much of this oil was sold elsewhere in the British Empire. Amalgamation of Nigeria was envisioned from early on in its governance, as is made clear by the report of the Niger Committee in 1898. By the 1950s, there were organized nationalist parties that demanded political independence in almost every colony in Africa. Although colonial rule appeared secure in the first two decades of the 20th century, the British struggled to keep control of their Nigerian colony and continued to do so until Nigeria became independent in 1960. In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria from his six-year term as Governor of Hong Kong, to oversee the merger of the northern and southern protectorates. They took the right to rule over it, to levy taxes, to depose kings and to create kings. The militias and RWAFF battalions were reorganized into the RWAFF Nigeria Regiment.[62]. "Separatist Agitations in Nigeria Since 1914." British business interests wanted to use this to create a monopoly over the industry, but Prime Minister H. H. Asquith's Liberal government and subsequent war coalition favored allowing international free trade. This system, in which the structure of authority focused on the emir to . Although Azikiwe later came to be recognised as the leading spokesman for national unity, when he first returned from university training in the United States, his outlook was pan-African rather than nationalist, and emphasised the common African struggle against European colonialism. what were negative effects of colonial rule in african continent. The Action Group was largely the creation of Chief Obafemi Awolowo, General Secretary of Egbe Omo Oduduwa and leader of the Nigerian Produce Traders' Association. They were the most politically conscious segment of the population and created the vanguard of the nationalist movement. They gathered information which was needed for policy-making in administration. [73] The colonial government would enact new legislation in reaction to the pandemic including, travel passes for individuals in the colony, increased usage of sanitary practices, and door to door checks on indigenous Nigerian households. The conditions that led African peoples to resist colonial rule often emerged from longstanding grievances against colonial labor exploitation taxation racist and paternalist practices arbitrary violence and political illegitimacy. "The agents performed similar but more expansive roles as their Company counterparts. A chief of Bonny in 1860 explained that he refused a British treaty due to the tendency to "induce the Chiefs to sign a treaty whose meaning they did not understand, and then seize upon the country".[14]. British expansion accelerated in the last decades of the nineteenth century. Afeadie, "The Hidden Hand of Overrule" (1996), p. 1315. The Central African Federation, embracing Nyasaland, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, was created in 1953 . The Nigerian Legislative Council was established in 1914 and was given limited jurisdiction; it was replaced in 1922 by a larger one that included elected members from Lagos and Calabar, although its powers also were limited and the northern provinces remained outside its control. Further dislocation accompanied the outbreak of World War I. In the meantime, public sector spending increased even more dramatically than export earnings. In the north, the emirs intended to maintain firm control on economic and political change. The Royal Navy bombarded Lagos in November 1851, ousted the pro-slavery Oba Kosoko and established a treaty with the newly installed Oba Akintoye, who was expectedly more amenable to British interests. "The Hidden Hand of Overrule: Political Agents and the Establishment of British Colonial Rule in Northern Nigeria, 18861914". [43][44] The British forces began annual pacification missions to convince the locals of British supremacy. [27] To produce all this oil, the economy of the southern region crossed over from mostly subsistence to the production of palm oil as a cash crop.[28]. The protest began in the Areas with lucrative crops such as cacao and peanuts (groundnuts) profited, while many people in different parts of the country had to migrate to work elsewhere as tenant farmers or use their newly acquired education and skills to work in cities as wage earners, traders, and artisans. They selected an increasingly high proportion of African clergy for the missions. PhD dissertation accepted at the Graduate Programme in History, York University, Ontario. The European struggle to establish forts and trading posts on the West African coast from about the mid-1600s to the mid-1700s was part of the wider competition for trade and empire in the Atlantic. Alan Lennox-Boyd, M.P., the British Secretary of State for the Colonies. It soon gained a virtual monopoly over trade along the River[11]. With this victory, the British went on to conquer the rest of Yorubaland, which had also been weakened by sixteen years of civil war. To some extent, competition amongst these companies undermined their collective position vis--vis, local merchants. Although his own ambitions were limited to the Northern Region, Bello backed the NPC's successful efforts to mobilize the north's large voting strength so as to win control of the national government. The southern nationalists were inspired by a variety of sources, including such prominent American-based activists as Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. The Colony was ultimately governed by the British Colonial Office in London. In contrast to Lugard, Clifford argued that colonial government had the responsibility to introduce as quickly as practical the benefits of Western experience. After the Willink Commission examined and reported on this issue in 1958, independence was granted. The rapid growth of organised labour in the 1940s also brought new political forces into play. The principal figure in the political activity that ensued was Herbert Macauley, often referred to as the father of Nigerian nationalism. Clifford emphasized economic development, encouraging enterprises by immigrant southerners in the north while restricting European participation to capital intensive activity. It is not a federal state with federal Executive, Legislature and finances, like the Leewards. 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