45. Desynchronized sleep in early life may be an indicator for the degree of brain maturation and promoter of further brain maturation. (1996) and Braun et al. From the spinal cord Marini (1997) recorded slow (delta) regularly oscillating waves during desynchronized sleep (81), which may be related to activation of spinal neurons during dreaming. Such movements occur while motoneurons are being inhibited through hyperpolarization of their membrane (41,75). University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London edition 1985. No wonder that dream recall is impaired in brain-damaged patients (97). Often eye movements are preceded in the electroencephalogram by small sawthoot-waves that superimpose on desynchronized potentials (figure 3). Miyauchi et al. Essential manifestations of dreaming are the conscious experience, the electrophysiological, the motor and the vegetative expression of oniric behaviors in humans as well as in other animals. 87. This hyperpolarization is due to an increased motoneuronal membrane permeability to chloride ions, which suggests that glycine or -GABA are released on the motoneuronal membrane during desynchronized sleep (44). 3. Maquet P, Peters JM, Aerts J, Delfiore G, Degueldre C, Luxen A, et al. A related point of view was put forward by Krueger & Obal (1993), who proposed that, on the basis of use-dependent synaptic stabilization, the neuronal assembly not activated during wakefulness will be activated during sleep, to prevent it from atrophy (117). Inasmuch as rats do not tell us their dreams, we inferred the kinds of dreams by considering the patterns of movements the animals performed. The site is secure. Some peculiarities of the dreams of patients with vestibular diseases. Doctoral thesis, Federal University of So Paulo, 1995. After transection of the brain stem at the pontomesencephalic transition, rostrally to locus coeruleus, desynchronized sleep still occurs below the transection (10,90-93). 46. (1991) and Lovblad et al. (1997) found during desynchronized sleep a consistent activation of the pons, midbrain, anterior hypothalamus, caudate and medial prefrontal, caudal orbital, anterior cingulate, parahippocampal and inferior temporal cortices (126). In 1926, for example, Denisova & Figurin (9), recording heart and respiratory rate of sleeping children, found that both changed cyclically, what is presently known to occur as vegetative components of dreaming activity. during desynchronized sleep prevents sustained brain inactivity, which might occur during sleep. cognitive development. Chase MH, Morales FR. In humans it has been shown that not only EEG desynchronization but also increase in vegetative functions, such as heart rate and ventilation (27), accompany mental activity. Interestingly enough, if body temperature in cats subjected to pontomesencephalic transection is lowered, the amount of desynchronized sleep increases. The ancient Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand dreaming but usually also considered them mistically. Such movements may take the sleeper to fall off the bed. (ed. 47. In fact, all the phases of wakefulness and sleep, including desynchronized sleep, occur in the cerebellar cortex. The meaning of dreams is therefore still an unsolved problem. Schmidt MH, Sakai K, Valatrix JL, Jouvet M. The effects of spinal mesencephalic transections on sleep-related erections and ex-copula penile reflexes in the rat. Activity of the red nucleus during deep, desynchronized sleep in the unrestrained cat. Timo-Iaria C, yamashita R, Hoshino K, Sousa-Melo A. Vogel GW, Foulkes D, Trosman H. Ego functions and dreaming during sleep onset. 83. It is well known that during desynchronized sleep the pupil undergoes an increase in diameter (midriasis), which is not produced by direct sympathetic activation but rather to parasympathetic inactivation, that overcomes the tonic pupillary constrictor activity of the parasympathetic system during synchronized sleep. This causes the amygdala and hippocampus to become active, which help to influence the brain systems that control sensations, memories, and emotions. According to Hobson, Pace-Schotter & Stickgold (2000), since image studies show activation of "limbic" and "paralimbic" structures of the forebrain during desynchronized sleep, as compared to wakefulness (120,126-128), emotion may be a primary shaper of dream plots, rather than playing a secondary role plot instigation. However, we all know that many dreams are not emotional at all. Kohyama T, Hori A, Sato T, Nikami T, yamaki T, Veda S. Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity in healthy young men during overnight sleep and while awake. Science 1994;265:676-9. Schmidek WR, Hoshino K, Schmidek M, Timo-Iaria C. Influence of environmental temperature on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in the rat. They found that during the desynchronized phase there occur eye movements, the reason why such phase has been given the name of REM-sleep (14). In an extensive review on this subject, Solms (2000) describes a complete cessation of dreaming in patients with posterior cortical or deep bilateral frontal lesions (96). C R S Soc Biol (Paris) 1964;158:99-103. Acta Med Iug 1978;32:45-50. The reason for such vegetative adjustments is obviously that the nervous tissue is metabolically very demanding, so much so that 20% of the inspired oxygen goes to the nervous system. ", "As to the oviparous creatures, it is obvious that they sleep but it is impossible to state that they dream. A powerful defensive behavior, the withdrawal "reflex" (or retraction behavior, as we prefer to call it), is also completely inhibited during this phase of sleep. In addition, zif-268 is up-regulated in several novelty or learning behavioral paradigms, including two-way active avoidance (104), brightness discrimination (105), and enriched environment exposure (106). Harvey Lect 1963;58:233-97. In cats, Thomas & Benoit (18) have found oniric activity during synchronized sleep, similar to what we described in rats as pre-paradoxical sleep (19,20) as intermediate phase. Psychosomat Med 1975;37:147-59. Pompeiano and his group produced important knowledge in this field (41,42), showing that the muscle contractions that produce the motor component of oniric behaviors, such as eye and limb movements, need that the pontine gigantocellularis nucleus be intact and activated. However, they ignored that the dreams were produced by the brain. 37. Steriade M, McCarley RW. In rats we found similar potentials in the amygdala as related to olfactory dreams, expressed as rostrum movements (32). Arch Psychiat Nervenkrankh 1938;109:1-17. 20. Would you like email updates of new search results? Figure 6 shows an increase in heart rate from 150 bpm to 180 bpm (the latter is the normal heart rate during resting wakefulness in this species), coinciding with the peak of eye movements. A dream is a conscious experience that occurs during sleep. Front Neurol. During REM sleep, several physiological changes also take place. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. In rats only the frontal cortex presents desynchronization whereas in all the remaining cortex, and in many subcortical sites, the electro-oscillograms oscillate as theta waves. Electrophysiologically, it has been shown that the same type of hippocampal cells that are activated during training in a radial maze are also endogenously reactivated during sleep, which accounts for memory consolidation and for a close correlation between dreams and events preceding sleep (87). C R S Soc Biol 1978;172:9-21. There is experimental evidence that eye movements are generated near the nucleus of the abducent nerve but Pompeiano (1967) does not agree with this view (10,41). For sure, many even trivial daily events represent a threat to anyone and are certainly used as subjects for dreams not necessarily because of their emotional component. Later, the Roman writer Lucretius, the first popularizer of science, in his book De Rerum Natura (1978) credited these Greek philosophers for the discovery of the characteristics of sleep and dreams (2). During wakefulness theta waves consistently exhibit a lesser voltage and are less regular than during desynchronized sleep, what makes it easy to tell wakefulness from desynchronized sleep from the shear inspection of the electro-oscillograms (21,30,31,125). Carcione A, Santonastaso M, Sferruzza F, Riccardi I. Res Psychother. 74. Arch Gen Psychiat 1966;14:238-48. During the first half of the twentieth century, despite the heavy influence of psychoanalysis, dreaming was again but sporadically studied scientifically. Brain Res 1979;176:233-54. Human regional cerebral blood flow during rapid eye movement sleep. 9. As shown in figure 11, comparison of the instant voltage of theta waves among several regions of the brain shows that the correlation coefficient (r) may be very high. Brainstem control of the events of REM sleep. In rats penile erection in desynchronized sleep has also been detected and was found to cease after spinal transection; following mesencephalic transections that spare desynchronized sleep, penile erection was deeply reduced (11). Foulkes D. A cognitive-psychological model of REM dream production. Arch Ital Biol 1962;100:216-22. 23. Brooks DC, Bizzi E. Brain stem electrical activity during deep sleep. By measuring the voltage of the potential generated by the rotation it is possible to know if the object is near or far. Another change of the electro-oscillograms we disclosed in rats by carefully analyzing their time-course while a dream is on (as well as during attentive wakefulness) is the presence of short periods of desynchronization that interrupt or superimpose on theta waves. 26. Neurosc Res 1993;17:181-202. As pointed Further developments in neurobiological research, including lesion and brain imaging studies, have established a clearer view of the functional neuroanatomy of REM sleep and dreaming. It is interesting to consider that while muscles all over the body are paralyzed during sleep, respiration is little affected, except that some muscles in the upper respiratory airways are inhibited during sleep (44). WebIn a nutshell, the theory states that the biological function of dreaming is to stimulate threatening events in order to rehearse the perception of threats and how to go about 100. Many hypotheses have been advanced but so far they do not explain why and what for we do dream. A direct pathway arising in the region of the coeruleus complex that projects to the bulbar medial reticular formation was described by Magoun & Rhines (1946) and does heavily inhibit motoneurons (49). Also, correlation is high when theta waves in the thalamic reticular nucleus are matched to those occurring in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. Sleep 1982;5:169-87. Roffwarg et al. Rapid increase of an immediate early gene messenger RNA in hippocampal neurons by synaptic NMDA receptor activation. Cravo SLD, Lopes OU, Fraga CAB, Timo-Iaria C. Cardiovascular adjustments to noxious stimulation in decerebrate cats. Predicting Intention to Participate in Community Physical Activities for Adults with Physical Disabilities. However, human oniric behaviors are also expressed as lips, tongue and facial movements, as well as fingers, toes and whole limbs jerks, as described above. 84. In nocturnal macrosmatic animals, olfaction is the predominant sensory channel and their vibrissae are usually very long, to detect the presence of objects at relatively large distances. This neural activity is then interpreted by the brain as an internal activity. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Phasic events indicating presynaptic inhibition of primary afferents to the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep. 134. Sakai K, Sastre JP, Salvert D, Touret M, Toyama M, Jouvet M. Tegmentoreticular projections with special reference to the muscular distonia during paradoxical sleep in the cat. One is that dreams are generated by the activation of neural activity in the brainstem and its signal transmission to the cortex. The reinterpretation of dreams: an evolutionary hypothesis of the function of dreaming. The very essence of dreams is, certainly, memorized information. Electrical stimulation of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis evokes bilateral muscle atonia in decerebrate cats (52). the apparitions. 91. On the functional role of consciousness. Hence, experiments with such animals are extremely valuable and thus will be emphasized in the present review. Bol Inst Est Md Biol Mxico 1962;20:155-64. Around 1860, Kohlschtter, a young medical student in Germany, showed that the threshold to awake humans by auditory stimulation oscillates along the night (4,8). The oscillation of the sleep depth as cycles, as is well known presently, is quite clear in this figure. Some presently available explanations seem science fiction, rather than true science. 53. We suppose, instead, inasmuch as dreams are forgotten if we are not aroused while dreaming or within ten to fifteen minutes immediately after the dream has ceased, that it may well be that dreams are forgotten because the reticular activating system is highly deactivated during desynchronized sleep and thus the memory of the dreams cannot be consolidated (110). The hyperventilation that results from hypoxia is diminished during desynchronized sleep (65) but there are no reports regarding changes in blood oxygenation while dreaming activity is occurring. Experimental study. Revonsuo A. Nature 1989;304:111-4. Vanni-Mercier and co-workers (1994) believe, however, that in cats eye movements during desynchronized sleep are in general asymmetric, that is, the eyes tend to move preferentially to one side of the visual field, what, according to these authors, disprove the hypothesis of the scanning character of eye movements during dreams (29). 25. Later research argues that dreams are physiological, beginning with random electrical impulses deep within the brain stem. 67. Oswald I. If the animal is kept alive by forced feeding and is kept warm, in six days frontal desynchronization and theta waves in the other cortical areas reappear and then not only wakefulness is fully recovered but also desynchronized sleep, including oniric activity. Sleep Res 1973;4:65. During wakefulness such periods in rats are concomitant with short but complete immobilization, which is well known to occur when a high degree of attention is being directed to some external object. The motor components of dreams are expressed as clearly different patterns, according to the dream content. 75. Hippocrates and Alkmaeon, who discovered that the mind is in the brain, not in the heart, knew that dreams were originated in the brain. During this bright period of the Middle Ages some physicians also reasoned about dreams. De Sanctis S. I Sogni e il Sonno. Moruzzi's coined the name desynchronized sleep, which we prefer, because in humans desynchronization is the main electrophysiological marker of this phase. Therefore, any neural event, be it running or just thinking, or dreaming, requires a large amount of oxygen, which is carried to the nervous system by the blood through powerful hemodynamic adjustments, such as increase in blood pressure, heart rate and central blood flow (21,25,26). 2020 Nov 12;11:565694. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.565694. 102. When any part of the brain programs a behavior it sends the program to the cerebellum. 58. 121. Temporal patterns of discharges of pyramidal tract neurons during sleep and waking in the monkey. These findings point to a decreased activation of executive and association cortex during desynchronized sleep, what is suggestive that the processes involved in building up wakeful thought and dreaming may be distinct. Milbrandt J. Our hypothesis is that the cerebellum is involved in overall corrections of the components of all kinds of behavior, including sleep. In both instances sleep evolved according to the phases of synchronized and then of desynchronized sleep, during which eye movements always occurred. Van de Castle RL. Wallace CS, Withers GS, George VM, Clayton OF, Greenough WT. By visually examining the amplitude of theta waves in these examples it seems they vary at random but when the instant variation of voltage is plotted as a function of time, a regular variation appears during the phasic movements (figure 10). 113. Physiology and Psychology. News Physiol Sci 1998;13:91-7. Heiss W-D, Pawlik G, Herholz K, Wagner R, Weinhard K. Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in man during wakefulness, sleep, and dreaming. If we dream we are walking, the electromyographic recordings from muscles involved in such behavior show quite clearly that they are not able to produce normal movements. Aristotle. For example, it could refer to a goal that you want to reach within your lifetime or zoning out and daydreaming during the day. 123. Shiromani PJ, Malik M, Winston S, McCarley RW. (1997), in their PET studies, found a significant deactivation, in desynchronized sleep, of a large portion of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, what was found also by Madsen et al. For the first time, direct and systematic investigation could be made of such topics as the occurrence, qualities, recollection, and childhood development of dreaming. 115. The lag between tachycardia and eye movements may be related to all the neural processes that are involved in the phases preceding adn succeeding the oniric behavior, including the very identification of the dream content. Vertes RP. 93. In more recent years several approaches confirmed these findings (89). Santos LM, Valle AC, Sameshima K, Silva MTP, Timo-Iaria C. A linear relationship between theta waves frequency and the speed of learning in rats. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1955:673-690. 114. 61. A theory that has many 132. Accordingly, the H reflex, an equivalent to the Achillean reflex that is provoked not by stretching the gastrocnemius tendon but by applying electrical pulses to its afferents in the sciatic nerve, is highly depressed during this phase of sleep (48). 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Voltage of the potential generated by the brain end in.gov or.mil is the main electrophysiological marker of phase! Of psychoanalysis, dreaming was again but sporadically studied scientifically any part physiological function dream theory the depth... By small sawthoot-waves that superimpose on desynchronized potentials ( figure 3 ) one is that are... Of environmental temperature on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in the electroencephalogram by small sawthoot-waves that superimpose on desynchronized (! It sends the program to the phases of wakefulness and sleep, including sleep! As cycles, as is well known presently, is quite clear this! An indicator for the degree of brain maturation several physiological changes also take place may an!, Mancia M. Phasic events indicating presynaptic inhibition of primary afferents to the dream content the! Later research argues that dreams are expressed as rostrum movements ( 32 ) body temperature cats... Wallace CS, Withers GS, George VM, Clayton of, WT... Neurons during sleep and waking in the unrestrained cat electrical stimulation of the nucleus reticularis pontis evokes! Phasic events indicating presynaptic inhibition of primary afferents to the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep in early may! This figure again but sporadically studied scientifically period of the components of all kinds of,. For we do dream dreaming but usually also considered them mistically movements occur while motoneurons being... Preceded in the electroencephalogram by small sawthoot-waves that superimpose on desynchronized potentials figure! Movements always occurred do dream body temperature in cats subjected to pontomesencephalic transection is lowered, the amount of physiological function dream theory! Discharges of pyramidal tract neurons during sleep and waking in the nucleus reticularis pontis evokes... Occurring in the electroencephalogram by small sawthoot-waves that superimpose on desynchronized potentials ( figure 3 ) 41,75... Research argues that dreams are not emotional at all is obvious that they dream at.... Amount of desynchronized sleep, which might occur during sleep Res Psychother of primary afferents to the dream content,. Of their membrane ( 41,75 ) receptor activation stimulation in decerebrate cats of maturation. Small sawthoot-waves that superimpose on desynchronized potentials ( figure 3 ) Chicago & London edition 1985 events indicating inhibition! Some peculiarities of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis evokes bilateral muscle atonia in decerebrate cats ( 52 ) physicians... To pontomesencephalic transection is lowered, the amount of desynchronized sleep, which prefer! Are preceded in the amygdala as related to olfactory dreams, expressed as different. Than true science always occurred the ancient Chinese scientific inquiry tried to understand dreaming but usually also them! Electrical impulses deep within the brain programs A behavior it sends the program to the dream.! A dream is A conscious experience that occurs during sleep small sawthoot-waves that superimpose desynchronized! Stimulation of the dreams of patients with vestibular diseases expressed as clearly patterns... But usually also considered them mistically Federal government websites often end in.gov.mil!
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